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"Earth Science and the Environment, Fourth Edition Graham R. Thompson Jonathan Turk Thomson Brooks Cole Australia· Brazil · Canada · Mexico · Singapore Spain · United Kingdom · United States Executive Editor: Peter Adams Assistant Editor: Carol Benedict Editorial Assistant: Anna Jarzab Technology Project Manager: Samuel Subity Marketing Manager: Kelley McAllister Marketing Communications Manager: Nathaniel Bergson-Michelson Content Project Manager: Belinda Krohrner Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Becky Cross Permissions Editor: Roberta Broyer Production Service: Pre-Press Company, Inc. Text Designer: Terri Wright Art Editor: Lisa Torri © 2005, 2007 Thomson Brooks Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Photo Researcher: Terri Wright Cover Images: Background Image (c) Royalty-free Pbotodisc Red Getty Images Inset globe NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, The Sea WiFS Project and ORBIMAGE, Scientific Visualization Studio, Landsat-7 Project, and USGS ERGS Data Center: Atmosphere NOAA Biosphere Royalty-Free Corbis Hydrosphere (c) Royalty-free Image Source Limited Jupiter Images Geosphere VEER Christopher Talbot Frank Getty Images Title Page Image: (c) Steue Bloom Images NASA Alamy Cover Printer: Transcontinental Beauceville Compositor: Pre-Press Company, Inc. Printer: Transcontinental Beauceville Library of Congress Control Number: 2006926271 ISBN 0-495-11287-9 Exam View(r) and Exam View Pro(r) are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. © 2007 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Thomson Learning WebTutor(tm) is a trademark of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA About the Authors Gray Thompson is Professor of Geology at The University of Montana, where he teaches Introductory Geology, Mineralogy, Summer Field Mapping, and graduate courses in Clay Mineralogy and Shale Petrology. He has published more than 20 research papers in international journals, mostly co-authored with his students. He is also a mountaineer and professional guide with first ascents, many with Jon Turk, of peaks and routes in the Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Yukon, Baffin Island, the Alps, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. He has authored many articles published in international climbing magazines and journals, and has been the subject of other articles in these publications. Many of the photographs in this text were taken by Thompson and Turk on their climbing trips and expeditions over the past fifteen years. Jon Turk is a chemist, professional geoscience writer, and adventurer. He received his Ph.D. in 1971, and later that year Jon co-authored the first environmental science college textbook in the country. In the 32 years since then, Jon has continued his career as a science writer by publishing 23 environmental and geoscience texts. His love of unspoiled environments and fascination for the wild places on this planet have also led to a distinguished career as an adventurer. He has kayaked around Cape Horn as well as the 3,000 miles between Japan and Alaska, crossed the western Gobi of Mongolia, unsupported, on a mountain bike, and was the first to ascend Lamo-she Peak (6,070 meters) in the eastern Himalayas with co-author Gray Thompson. He has written numerous magazine articles about his expeditions as well as adventure travel books, including In the Wake of the _omon: Stone Age Mariners and a Voyage Across the Pacific (McGraw Hill 2005). 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