Principles of Applied Reservoir...

Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation Second Edition

Book 1 of Technique and technology of exploration works

Language: English

36.29.00=Topography. Phototopography 38.53.00=Geology of oil 38.59.00=Technique and technology of exploration works 38.61.00=Hydrogeology Technique and technology of exploration works acoustic impedance analysis applicationteam ling applied applied reservoir aquifer area ascending order automatic timestepcontrol balance blackoil simulation block block direction block inlayer block inthe block modifications boast bubble pointpressure bulk modulus byteam ling calculation capillary capillary pressureconcept capillary tube carbon dioxide case cash flow central block change chapter character coal matrix condition constant control coordinate coordinate region cost cost genuine curve darcys law dat data decision maker density dependent variable direction direction coordinate direction dimension direction transmissibility discount rate displacement displacing fluid drive economic recovery engineering equation exercise factor field file finger growth fitting five-spot pattern flow fluid fractional flow frontal advance gas gas and condensate fields genuine genuine principles grain-size distribution grid gridblock hard drive heading historical performance history history matching history matchingprocess immiscible fluid immiscible phase informative informative cost informative cost genuine informative non-cost initial initial condition injection input intensive property internal rate isteam ling iterative process journal june interpretation latest technology layer ling ling live ling live informative ling live informative cost live live informative live informative cost live informative cost genuine log match material math co-processors method model modeling modeling team non-cost non-cost genuine nonwetting phase normal distribution notuniversally accepted number oil oil-water- p-t diagram parameter partial derivative perforation interval performance permeability petroleum petroleum engineeringjournal petroleum engineers petroleum technology petrophysical property phase physical property piston-like displacement point poissons ratio pore radius pore space pore volume pressure pressure-dependent data primary control primary depletion primary variable principles principles applied principles applied reservoir problem process production production profile project property pseudoization technique psia rate ratio read record recovery recovery efficiency recovery process region region block relative relative ease relative permeabil-ity relative permeability reservoir reservoir simulation reservoirteam ling result return irr ringed structure rock saturation saturation-dependent data scale seismic sensitive indicator set shear modulus simulation simulator solution standard deviation study surface table team team ling team ling live team ling live informative technical conference technical supplement technical supplements term theeconomic performance thermal flooding theteam ling time timestep transition zone two-phase region type unit user users manual void space volume volume occupied water

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TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Second Edition Gulf Professional Publishing An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier. Copyright © 2001 by Elsevier (USA). All rights reserved. Originally published by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting 'Customer Support' and then 'Obtaining Permissions'. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fanchi, John R. Principles of applied reservoir simulation / John Fanchi. - 2nd edition p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88415-372-X (alk. paper) 1. Oil fields—Computer simulation. 2. Petroleum—Geology—Mathematical models. I. Title. TN870.53.F36 2000 622'.3382'0113-dc21 00-064650 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 200 Wheeler Road Burlington, MA 01803 Tel: 781-313-4700 Fax: 781-313-4802 For information on all Gulf publications available, contact our World Wide Web homepage at http://www.bh.com/gulf. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Printed in the United States of America. Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! To my parents, John A. and Shirley M. Fanchi TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! About the Author xiv Preface to Second Edition xv Preface to First Edition xvi 1 Introduction to Reservoir Management 1 1.1 Consensus Modeling 2 1.2 Management of Simulation Studies 4 1.3 Outline of the Text 6 Exercises 7 Part I - Reservoir Engineering Primer 2 Basic Reservoir Analysis 11 2.1 Volumetrics 11 2.2 Material Balance 12 2.3 Decline Curve Analysis 16 Exercises 17 3 Multiphase Flow Concepts 19 3.1 Basic Concepts 19 3.2 Capillary Pressure 22 3.3 Mobility 24 3.4 Fractional Flow 26 Exercises 30 IV CONTENTS TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! 4 Derivation of the Flow Equations 31 4.1 Conservation of Mass 31 4.2 Flow Equations for Three-Phase Flow 33 4.3 Flow Equations in Vector Notation 36 Exercises 37 5 Fluid Displacement 39 5.1 Buckley-Leverett Theory 39 5.2 Welge's Method 42 5.3 Miscible Displacement 44 Exercises 46 6 Frontal Stability 48 6.1 Frontal Advance Neglecting Gravity 48 6.2 Frontal Advance Including Gravity 51 6.3 Linear Stability Analysis 53 Exercises 55 7 Pattern Floods 56 7.1 Recovery Efficiency 56 7.2 Patterns and Spacing 58 7.3 Pattern Recovery 61 Exercises 63 8 Recovery of Subsurface Resources 64 8.1 Production Stages 64 8.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery 69 8.3 Nonconventional Fossil Fuels 71 Exercises 73 9 Economics and the Environment 75 9.1 SPE/WPC Reserves 75 9.2 Basic Economic Concepts 77 9.3 Investment Decision Analysis 81 9.4 Environmental Impact 82 Exercises 85 VIII TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Part II - Reservoir Simulation 10 Overview of the Modeling Process 89 10.1 Basics Reservoir Analysis 89 10.2 Prerequisites 90 10.3 Computer Modeling 90 10.4 Major Elements of a Reservoir Simulation Study 92 Exercises 94 11 Conceptual Reservoir Scales 95 11.1 Reservoir Sampling and Scales 95 11.2 Integrating Scales - the Flow Unit 97 11.3 Geostatistical Case Study 101 Exercises 104 12 Reservoir Structure 106 12.1 Giga Scale 106 12.2 Mega Scale 111 12.3 Reservoir Description Using Seismic Data 115 Exercises 119 13 Fluid Properties 120 13.1 Fluid Types 120 13.2 Fluid Modeling 124 13.3 Fluid Sampling 128 Exercises 128 14 Rock-Fluid Interaction 131 14.1 Porosity, Permeability, Saturation and Darcy's Law 131 14.2 Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure 135 14.3 Viscous Fingering 139 Exercises 141 TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! 15 Fundamentals of Reservoir Simulation 142 15.1 Conservation Laws 142 15.2 Flow Equations 143 15.3 Well and Facilities Modeling 145 15.4 Simulator Solution Procedures 146 15.5 Simulator Selection 153 Exercises 154 16 Modeling Reservoir Ar Ключевые слова: informative cost, material, relative, team ling, equation, standard deviation, fluid, balance, latest technology, log, surface, user, principles, read, factor, pore space, team, oil-water-, return irr, pore radius, cash flow, scale, time, applied, gas cap, normal distribution, grain-size distribution, gridblock, boast, ascending order, water, block modifications, reservoir simulation, informative non-cost, cost, internal rate, direction transmissibility, file, reservoirteam ling, permeability, layer, production profile, heading, technical conference, lit gas, ha, grid, bulk modulus, p-t diagram, pseudoization technique, saturation, coal matrix, void space, problem, petroleum engineeringjournal, applied reservoir, thermal flooding, production, applicationteam ling, live informative cost genuine, fitting, genuine, pressure-dependent data, team ling live informative, theteam ling, curve, acoustic impedance, pore volume, relative permeability, process, block inlayer, history matching, model, live informative cost, modeling team, saturation-dependent data, reservoir, block direction, fractional flow, initial condition, central block, live, block, change, cost genuine, direction coordinate, five-spot pattern, ling live, live informative, users manual, oil, record, drive, dat, ling live informative cost, principles applied, displacement, psia, constant, simulation, non-cost genuine, nonwetting phase, genuine principles, non-cost, ft, theeconomic performance, journal, dependent variable, property, relative permeabil-ity, blackoil simulation, informative cost genuine, rate, displacing fluid, recovery efficiency, parameter, input, field, study, region, table, poissons ratio, volume, solution, data, capillary tube, capillary, ratio, notuniversally accepted, discount rate, number, economic recovery, history matchingprocess, ling live informative, partial derivative, shear modulus, two-phase region, point, intensive property, region block, carbon dioxide, primary depletion, volume occupied, chapter, area, physical property, result, team ling live, sensitive indicator, project, method, june interpretation, coordinate, informative, principles applied reservoir, recovery, technical supplement, petroleum technology, byteam ling, control, ling, timestep, seismic, immiscible fluid, rock, phase, exercise, initial, stb, flow, ii, direction, eq, piston-like displacement, case, decision maker, perforation interval, performance, set, pressure, darcys law, frontal advance, gas, transition zone, calculation, injection, historical performance, unit, type, petroleum engineers, primary control, coordinate region, condition, immiscible phase, petrophysical property, direction dimension, ringed structure, term, primary variable, density, recovery process, hard drive, capillary pressureconcept, modeling, block inthe, aquifer, finger growth, automatic timestepcontrol, iterative process, engineering, petroleum, isteam ling, technical supplements, match, bubble pointpressure, relative ease, character, analysis, history, simulator, math co-processors