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Preface, Thomas J. Ahrens, vii Classification of Rocks and Their Abundances on the Earth (3-1), Myron G. Best, 1 Sediments and Soils: Chemistry and Abundances (3-2), Scott M. McLennan, 8 Acoustic Velocity and Attenuation in Porous Rocks (3-3), Kenneth W. Winkler and William F. Murphy III, 20 Shock Wave Data for Rocks (3-4), Thomas J. Ahrens and Mary L. Johnson, 35 Pressure-Volume-Temperature, Teresa S. Bowers, 45 Properties of H2O-CO2 Fluids (3-6), Experimental Trace Element Partitioning (3-7), John H. Jones, 73 Thermal Conductivity of Rocks and Minerals (3-9), Christoph Clauser and Ernst Huenges, 105 Rock Failure (3-10), Duvid A. Lockner, 127 Rheology of Rocks (3-11), Brian Evans and David L. Kohlstedt, 148 Phase Equilibria of Common Rocks in the Crust and Mantle (3-12), Claude Herzberg, 166 Reflectance Spectra (3-13), Roger N. Clark, 178 Magnetic Properties of Rocks and Minerals (3-14), Christopher P. Hunt, Bruce M. Moskowitz, and Subir K. Banerjee, 189 Mixture Theories for Rock Properties (3-15), James G. Berryman, 205 Index, 229 Contents, Preface The purpose of this Handbook is to provide in highly accessible form selected critical data for professional and student solid Earth and planetary geophysicists. Coverage of topics and authors were carefully chosen to fulfill these objectives. These volumes represent the third version of the "Handbook of Physical Constants." Several generations of solid Earth scientists have found these handbooks to be the most frequently used item in their personal library. The first version of this Handbook was edited by F. Birch, J. F. Schairer, and H. Cecil Spicer and published in 1942 by the Geological Society of America (GSA) as Special Paper 36. The second edition, edited by Sydney P. Clark Jr., was also published by GSA as Memoir 92 in 1966. Since 1966, our scientific knowledge of the Earth and planets has grown enormously, spurred by the discovery and verification of plate tectonics and the systematic exploration of the solar system. The present revision was initiated, in part, by a 1989 chance remark by Alexandra Navrotsky asking what the Mineral Physics (now Mineral and Rock Physics) Committee of the American Geophysical Union could produce that would be a tangible useful product. At the time I responded, "update the Handbook of Physical Constants." As soon as these words were uttered, I realized that I could edit such a revised Handbook. I thank Raymond Jeanloz for his help with initial suggestions of topics, the AGU's Books Board, especially Ian McGregor, for encouragement and enthusiastic support. Ms. Susan Yamada, my assistant, deserves special thanks for her meticulous stewardship of these volumes. I thank the technical reviewers listed below whose efforts, in all cases, improved the manuscripts. Thomas J. Ahrens, Editor California Institute of Technology Pasadena Carl Agee Thomas J. Ahrens Orson Anderson Don Anderson George H. Brimhall John Brodholt J. Michael Brown Bruce Buffett Robert Butler Clement Chase Robert Creaser Veronique Dehant Alfred G. Duba Larry Finger Michael Gaffey Carey Gazis Michael Gumis William W. Hay Thomas Heaton Thomas Herring Joel Ita Andreas K. Kronenberg Robert A. Lange1 John Longhi Guenter W. Lugmair Stephen M&well Gerald M. Mavko Walter D. Mooney Herbert Palme Dean Presnall Richard H. Rapp Justin Revenaugh Rich Reynolds Robert Reynolds Yanick Ricard Frank Richter William I. Rose Jr. George Rossman John Sass Surendra K. Saxena Ulrich Schmucker Ricardo Schwarz Doug E. Smylie Carol Stem Maureen Steiner Lars Stixrude Edward Stolper Stuart Ross Taylor Jeannot Trampert Marius Vassiliou Richard P. Von Hetzen John M. Wahr Yuk Yung Classification of Rocks and Their Abundances on the Earth, Myron G. Best, 1 Introduction, 1 Rocks comprising the lithosphere have formed by interactions between matter and various forms of energy—chiefly gravitational and thermal—over the 4.5 Ga history of the Earth. The wide range of rock-forming geologic processes and environmental conditions (intensive parameters) of temperature (T), pressure (P), and concentrations of chemical species related to these complex interactions has created a similarly wide spectrum of rock properties. Significant widely-ranging rock properties are: 1. Texture, the size and shape of mineral grains and amount of glass (crystalline and amorphous solids, respectively). 2. Structure of grain aggregates, such as bedding. 3. Composition of mineral grains comprising the rock their relative proportions (mode), and the elemental and isotopic composition of the bulk rock. Bodies of rock formed within a more or less unified geological system over a particular period of time are rarely strictly homogeneous on any scale of observation. Many rock bodies are anisotropic with regard to texture and structure, which is reflected in anisotropic physical properties such as elastic wave velocity. Three main categories of rock—magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic—are recognized based on geologic processes of origin and indirectly on P-T conditions. 1. Magmatic, or igneous, rocks form by cooling and subsequent consolidation of magma at any P, either at depth in the lithosphere or on the surface; these rocks were the first to form on the primitive cooling Earth. 2. Sedimentary rocks form by consolidation of particulate or dissolved material derived by weathering of older rock and deposited by water, ice, organisms, or wind on the surface of the Earth; deposition and processes of consolidation occur at low, near-surface P and T. 3. Metamorphic rocks form by recrystallization in the solid state, usually in the presence of aqueous fluids, changing the texture, structure, and/or composition of the protolith—the sedimentary, magmatic, or even metamorphic precursor. Metamorphism is the result of significant changes in the geologic environment from that in which the protolith originated. Temperatures of metamorphism are elevated but sub-magmatic; pressures range widely, and non-hydrostatic (deviatoric) states of stress are common. Distinguishing between these three basic kinds of rocks is readily accomplished in most cases, but some instances demand attention to multiple criteria. Classification within each of the three basic groups of rocks which follows is based chiefly upon their texture and composition as can be observed mostly in hand sample or outcrop. These are essentially descriptive or nongenetic classifications for the nonspecialist which require little or no detailed laboratory analyses and extensive training in petrology. Texture and composition contain a wealth of genetic information, but the tools to decipher them are beyond the scope of this brief section. It must be kept in mind that any subdividing by geologists of the broad spectrum of texture and composition in rocks is mostly arbitrary or follows tradition; boundary lines in nomenclature diagrams are for the convenience of the user and do not denote naturally occurring divisions. Copyright 1995 by the American Geophysical Union. 2 Classification of Rocks 2. Classification Of Magmatic Rocks Figure 1 presents an overview of the textural compositional aspects of the most common magmatic rock types and groups that occur in relatively large volume in subduction zone settings, but not exclusively in them. Volcanic and plutonic (intrusive magmatic) environments grade continuously from one to the other, as do many textures, including: 1. Glassy, formed by quick quenching of silicate melt. 2. Aphanitic, microcrystalline; grains are too small to be identifiable without a microscope. 3. Phaneritic, all mineral grains are large enough to be identifiable by naked eye; formed in deep plutons. 4. Porphyritic, larger crystals (phenocrysts) embedded in a finer grained or glassy matrix. Mineral associations in Figure 1 are useful aids in classifying. Compositional modifiers—silicic, felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic—defined chiefly on the basis of mineral proportions but indirectly on concentration of silica can be applied regardless of texture. The classification of magmatic rocks has recently been systematized by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)13), and their guidelines are followed here, with simplifications. Quartz A Dyke Rocks I Al-Kali Feldspar Monzonitic Rocks Diorite Plagioclase Fig. 2. Classification of phaneritic magmatic rocks containing mostly quartz, potassium-rich alkali feldspar, and plagioclase _simplified from 131. Note that the rock-type names are independent of mafic (ferromagnesian) minerals (but see Figure 1); hence, the relative proportions of quartz and feldspar must be recalculated from the whole-rock mode. No magmatic rocks contain more than about 40 percent quartz. See Table 4 for mineral compositions. 0 > 4 Y”KPl 0 21TLE G PHANERITIC a f&- ‘$’ 2 5EC 100 - - Granodiorite Granite - Diorite Felsic Silicic Intermediate - _ Mafic Ultramafic wt. SiO, 65 : 52 t 45: Fig. 1. Classification of common magmatic rock types found commonly, but not exclusively, in subduction zones. Note general mineral associations. Komatiite is a rare but significant rock formed from extruded lava flows almost exclusively in the Archean (>2500 Ma). See Table 4 for mineral compositions. Names of phaneritic rock types containing mostly quartz and feldspar, but including some biotite and amphibole, are shown in Figure 2. Three special textures in mostly felsic rocks warrant special base names (appended compositional prefixes are optional) as follows: 1. Pegmatite, exceptionally large-grained rock; grains generally ~1 cm and locally a meter or more. 2. Aplite, fine phaneritic, sugary-textured dike rock. 3. Porphyry, plutonic rock containing phenocrysts in an aphanitic matrix. Some phaneritic rocks, known as anorthosite, are composed of plagioclase, no quartz, and little or no mafic minerals. Phaneritic rocks containing only pyroxene and olivine Ключевые слова: geophys, planet, mixture, shear, earth, size, geol milliman, strain, quartz, elastic modulus, geological sciences, process, liquid, theory, values, poisson ratio, wa, velocity, strain amplitude, hysteresis property, high-porosity sandstone, geochim, functional relationships, study, henrys law, sedimentary, crust, mineral, thermal, bound, bulk, acta, effective, property, plagioclase-spinel-, equation, conf, thermal conductivity, conductivity, type, pre-agricultural rate, pressure-volume-temperature property, induction field, line-source apparatus, lunar, s-p-, h-o-h bend, chemical reaction, acoust sot, elastic, electric field, zi ui, cosmochim, bematowicz solubilities, primary magma, acoustic emission, crystal, function, forsterite content, academic press, carbon dioxide, min, chem, olivine, stoneley wave, global tectonics, exp-, geol, needle-shaped pore, jansen basement, cation fraction, mech, dilute assemblage, volume, remote sensing, attenuation, composition, weighing squares, amer, estimate, fe-ti oxide, porous media, thermal activation, lower-right quadrant, isothermal modulus, bar, spectrum, rock, solid, fe, physical constants, intrinsic instability, plastic flow, partitioning, thermally activated, grain, fluid, coefficient, experimental, pore, molecular specie, geol sot, deformation, elastic wave, fracture toughness, sediment, medium, york, phase, lett, table, john brodholt, element, data, modulus, join anorthite-forsterite-quartz, remanent magnetization, pressure, static fatigue, magnetic, effective modulus, sample, puu ratio, precise meaning, monomineralic aggregate, ree, alphabet phase, porosity, wave, phys, acoustic, berea sandstone, measurement, silicate, kbar, magnetic materials, youngs modulus, me k-, rev, jones, alternative explanation, hydrolytic weakening, creep, reflectance, sci, partition coefficient, saturation, water, field, model, point, wave speed, van thiel, rocks, sandstone, basalt, acoustic property, clark, seismic wave, constant, equilibrium, rate, confining medium, rate-limiting step, law, stress, tight sandstone, subduction zone, solids, sheet silicate, london, sot, continental margin, poissons ratio, phase relations, failure, alumina content, material, mole fraction, lnd, flow, ray path, inter, experiment, fracture, strength, temperature, petrol, agu, mechanism, geological society, condition, edited, frequency, porous medium, pure aggregate, granite, shading correspond, int, ha, thermal history, byerlees law, extensional wave, phase equilibrium, high, partition, result, attention, magnetic domain, range, inclination shallowing, hatchure style, porous, fastest path, two-phase medium, geological structures, transport properties, san andreas, transport property, press, massilon sandstone, classification, agu washington