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William C. Blackman, Jr., *BASIC HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT*, Third Edition, William C. Blackman, Jr., *BASIC HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT*, Third Edition, LEWIS PUBLISHERS, Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C., Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Blackman, William C. Basic hazardous waste management / William C. Blackman, Jr.--3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-533-9 (alk. paper) 1. Hazardous wastes—United States—Management. I. Title TD1040 .B53 2001 363.72?87—dc21 2001020391 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Cover photograph courtesy of Envirosafe Services of Ohio, Inc. (ESOI). Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-533-9 Library of Congress Card Number 2001020391 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Preface As the demand for a clean, safe environment grows, so also grows the public demand for protection from the health hazards and environmental horrors of hazardous waste mismanagement. Entrepreneurs of industry and commerce provide daily evidence of the general awakening to the need for reduction or elimination of hazardous waste sources and better management of the wastes that are generated. However, the ever-present drive for new product advantage, competition, budget and capital restraints, and the activities of those who have not yet accepted their environmental responsibilities continue to threaten our environmental well-being. Meanwhile the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) syndrome has reached the point that almost no site is acceptable as a hazardous waste treatment or disposal facility. This clash of imperatives must be dealt with. We, as a people, cannot permit further episodes of uncontrolled release of hazardous materials waste to threaten us. We, as a first-world society, cannot tolerate the continuing aftermath of our history of uncontrolled hazardous waste disposal. However, we, as a viable, self-supporting nation, cannot afford to force industry and commerce to their collective knees in the name of environmental purity. The national conscience, as expressed in the form of research, technological advances, legislative craft, regulatory issues, fiscal support, and public participation, has brought forth great improvement in our hazardous waste management practice. However, most of the easy achievements have been realized. As we embark upon the Third Millennium, the priorities and demands placed upon environmental managers are ever more complex, urgent, and broad in scope. For example, exposure standards for toxic or hazardous chemicals are progressively made more restrictive, but pressures increase for less expensive and intrusive cleanup procedures for sites contaminated with these chemicals. Regulatory agencies seek to eliminate the use of particularly objectionable materials, while the industries traditionally forming the U.S. industrial and labor base, seeking less restrictive operating conditions, flee to neighboring and third-world countries. New generations of hazardous waste managers must acquire a broad-scope understanding of competing interests in scientific, technological, engineering, administrative, political, public health, and environmental issues and the innovations that must be conceived and implemented in order to reconcile these imperatives. Our traditional approach to the education of future environmental technologists and managers has guided the undergraduate through a basic skill curriculum, then to be followed by a graduate program in engineering or a science. This text is intended to provide an introductory framework which can be the foundation for a program of study in traditional as well as modern hazardous waste management or a component of a related program. It is in an overview format, with many references to more detailed materials, to assist the student or instructor in expansion upon specific topics or to flesh out complex issues. The instructor is encouraged to expand upon issues or topics to meet the perceived needs of students, regions, or industries. Topics for discussion or review are provided at the end of each chapter. Organization and Content The first eleven chapters deal with the topics, impacts, technologies, problems, and issues associated with “conventional” hazardous wastes and the management practices and statutory and regulatory controls which have evolved around them. Chapters 12 through 14 introduce the closely related medical infectious waste, underground storage tank, and radioactive waste management technologies and practices. Chapter 15 introduces the hazardous waste worker health and safety issues and regulatory structures that have become a major focal point and concern for managers and supervisors of hazardous waste facilities and sites. Objectives are stated as the first element of each chapter. Insofar as is possible or appropriate, the chapters are structured to first outline the issue, subject, or technology, then to describe generic practice, and to then conclude with a summary of the statutory and/or regulatory approach. Historical perspective is provided where appropriate to locale, industry, or other emphasis. The reader who is unfamiliar with the Federal Register (FR) and/or the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) should examine these two entries in the Glossary before proceeding with the regulatory material covered in the book. Acknowledgments My reviewers have shared generously of their valuable time and expertise to provide insightful and constructive suggestions. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Nicholas R. Hild of the Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Technology, Arizona State University, for his thoughtful and constructive input in reviewing the three editions in their entirety. Reviewers of portions of the first edition were Ms. Pamela R. Jenkins, R.N., of the Environmental Resource Center, Fayetteville, NC—the chapter on medical and infectious waste management; Mr. Arthur C. Gehr, Esq., partner in the firm Snell and Wilmer, Phoenix, AZ—the radioactive waste management chapter; and Ms. Lisa Lund, then Manager, Underground Storage Tank Compliance Section, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, and later Deputy Director, Office of Underground Storage Tank Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—the underground storage tank management chapter. Mr. Harold L. Berkowitz, chemical engineer, consultant, and faculty associate of the Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Technology, Arizona State University, provided extensive input and improvements to the new chapter on hazardous waste worker health and safety. The valuable assistance of all of the reviewers is deeply appreciated. Many of their respective contributions are retained in the third edition. Without the editing and word-processing skills as well as the extraordinary patience of Ms. Cindy Zisner, M.S., and the graphic skills of Mr. Steve Scott, these months of work on the new edition would have been much less pleasant. Ms. Zisner is a private practitioner in Tempe, AZ. Mr. Scott practices in Pasadena, CA. Mr. Jay Carr of the Dallas Morning News also made a valued contribution in the graphic presentation of the Yucca Mountain Repository. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of the many contributors of photographic materials. The illustrations for which no acknowledgment is made are either my own or have been provided to me on earlier occasions. I can only apologize for lack of adequate memory regarding the sources of the earlier contributions. The Author William C. Blackman, Jr. is an Environmental Engineer and Professor Emeritus of the Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University. Professor Blackman was previously a career engineer and manager assigned to enforcement programs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and predecessor agencies. As Technical Coordinator and Deputy Director of the EPA National Enforcement Investigations Center, he planned and directed early hazardous waste site investigations and participated in the development of the site investigation techniques and site health and safety procedures which have become standard practice. In 1985 he was appointed Assistant Director, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, where he managed state and federal RCRA and Superfund programs. He joined the ASU faculty in 1989, teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in hazardous waste management and control of toxic air pollutants. He developed and presented a program of seminars on hazardous waste management, underground storage tank management, emergency planning, and regulation of hazardous materials transportation. 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