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Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature John M. Marzluff · Eric Shulenberger University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA Wilfried Endlicher Humboldt University, Berlin Germany Marina Alberti · Gordon Bradley · Clare Ryan Craig ZumBrunnen University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA Ute Simon Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany ISBN: 978-0-387-73411-8 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-73412-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007929538 c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved. Printed on acid-free paper For Herbert Sukopp, Urban Ecology pioneer and Marsha Landolt (Dean of the University of Washington’s Graduate School), Debra Nickel (first program administrator of the University of Washington’s Urban Ecology Program), and Bob Reineke (pioneer post-doc in the University of Washington’s Urban Ecology Program) who gave so much to our interdisciplinary graduate program in Urban Ecology, but died too young An introduction to Urban Ecology as an interaction between humans and nature Urban Ecology is the study of ecosystems that include humans living in cities and urbanizing landscapes. It is an emerging, interdisciplinary field that aims to understand how human and ecological processes can coexist in human-dominated systems and help societies with their efforts to become more sustainable. It has deep roots in many disciplines including sociology, geography, urban planning, landscape architecture, engineering, economics, anthropology, climatology, public health, and ecology. Because of its interdisciplinary nature and unique focus on humans and natural systems, the term “urban ecology” has been used variously to describe the study of humans in cities, of nature in cities, and of the coupled relationships between humans and nature. Each of these research areas is contributing to our understanding of urban ecosystems and each must be understood to fully grasp the science of Urban Ecology. Therefore, in Urban Ecology: an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature, we introduce students and practitioners of urban ecology to its roots, bases, and prospects by way of a diverse collection of historical and modern foundational readings. We editors are urban ecologists from the United States, Italy, and Germany who together view these readings as a fair representation of the importance of both natural and social sciences to Urban Ecology. In this book we collect important papers in the field of Urban Ecology that both set the foundations for the discipline and illustrate modern approaches, from a variety of perspectives and regions of the world. We do this by reprinting important publications, filling gaps in the published literature with a few targeted original works, and translating several key works originally published in German. Our hope is that this collection of thoughts will provide students, practitioners, and professionals with a rich background in some of the core facets of Urban Ecology. As you study these readings, it may be useful to consider the city as a set of strongly interacting systems or spheres. The urban ecosystem includes abiotic spheres (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and soil or pedosphere) and biotic spheres (often viewed as an interacting biosphere of urban plants and animals plus the socio-economic world of people, the anthroposphere; Fig. 1). The readings deal with each of these spheres, and also with the connections between and amongst them. These connections have been and continue to be viewed very differently by the authors of the articles in this collection. The relative importance of the spheres changes with one’s research bias, but more importantly the way and extent that authors have represented the connections among the spheres (or even the degree of isolation of the spheres) differs vastly. Look for these differences as you read the collection. Our view is that the interrelated processes among the subsystems (spheres) must be studied and understood to understand the ecology of a city. This is what modern Urban Ecology strives to do. We organize the readings in six related sections. Together they cover studies of the natural and anthropogenic aspects of urban ecosystems. As one moves forward in time, they increasingly focus on inter-relations of people and nature where they co-occur in urban places. In Section I: Urbanization and Human Domination of Earth, four papers show why Urban Ecology is an important and growing discipline. They detail the trends of increasing human domination of Earth generally, and of urbanization, specifically. They review the extent of urbanization and its relation to other human endeavors that have changed the face of Earth. In Section II: Conceptual Foundations of Urban Ecology, five recent review articles report on the interdisciplinary synthesis that is modern Urban Ecology. Cities are viewed quite differently by early social ecologists like Burgess, by European pioneers like Sukopp, and by more recent emerging interdisciplinary American urban ecology teams. Again, as we move forward in time, cities are increasingly viewed as emergent phenomena with a new level of organization whose macroscopic properties and behavior are poorly predictable from knowledge of the properties of their constituent parts. In Section III: The Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Pedosphere, we present seven readings on the physical underpinnings of urban ecosystems. They cover the influence of urbanization on soils, hydrology, and climate, illustrate the effects of these changes on global climate and pollution, and consider various effects on human health. Section IV: The Biosphere provides fourteen readings on specific environmental and ecological aspects of urban ecosystems. The studies cover ecological patterns, processes, and impacts, and link human effects on the abiotic environment to their effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Research on birds in urban environments is highlighted because studies on the effects of urbanization on birds have a long and rich history in many parts of the world. Section V: The Anthroposphere–Human Dimensions explores the socio-economic aspects of urban ecosystems and links human settlement to ecosystem function, human dimensions of urban ecology. 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