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FIELD MANUAL 21-76 FM 21-76 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC 5 June 1992 SURVIVAL Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1 - Introduction Survival Actions Pattern for Survival Chapter 2 - Psychology of Survival A Look at Stress Natural Reactions Preparing Yourself Chapter 3 - Survival Planning and Survival Kits Importance of Planning Survival Kits Chapter 4 - Basic Survival Medicine Requirements for Maintenance of Health Medical Emergencies Lifesaving Steps Bone and Joint Injury Bites and Stings Wounds Environmental Injuries Herbal Medicines Chapter 5 - Shelters Shelter Site Selection Types of Shelters Chapter 6 - Water Procurement Water Sources Still Construction Water Purification Water Filtration Devices Chapter 7 - Firecraft Basic Fire Principles Site Selection and Preparation Fire Material Selection How to Build a Fire How to Light a Fire Chapter 8 - Food Procurement Animals for Food Traps and Snares Killing Devices Fishing Devices Preparation of Fish and Game for Cooking and Storage Chapter 9 - Survival Use of Plants Edibility of Plants Plants for Medicine Chapter 10 - Poisonous Plants How Plants Poison All About Plants Rules for Avoiding Poisonous Plants Contact Dermatitis Ingestion Poisoning Chapter 11 - Dangerous Animals Insects and Arachnids Leeches Bats Poisonous Snakes Dangerous Lizards Dangers in Rivers Dangers in Bays and Estuaries Saltwater Dangers Chapter 12 - Field-Expedient Weapons, Tools, and Equipment Clubs Edged Weapons Other Expedient Weapons Lashing and Cordage Rucksack Construction Clothing and Insulation Cooking and Eating Utensils Chapter 13 - Desert Survival Terrain Environmental Factors Need for Water Heat Casualties Precautions Desert Hazards Chapter 14 - Tropical Survival Tropical Weather Jungle Types Travel Through Jungle Areas Immediate Considerations Water Procurement Food Poisonous Plants Chapter 15 - Cold Weather Survival Cold Regions and Locations Windchill Basic Principles of Cold Weather Survival Hygiene Medical Aspects Cold Injuries Shelters Fire Water Food Travel Weather Signs Chapter 16 - Sea Survival The Open Sea Seashores Chapter 17 - Expedient Water Crossings Rivers and Streams Rapids Rafts Flotation Devices Other Water Obstacles Vegetation Obstacles Chapter 18 - Field-Expedient Direction Finding Using the Sun and Shadows Using the Moon Using the Stars Making Improvised Compasses Other Means of Determining Direction Chapter 19 - Signaling Techniques Application Means for Signaling Codes and Signals Aircraft Vectoring Procedures Chapter 20 - Survival Movement in Hostile Areas Phases of Planning Execution Return to Friendly Control Chapter 21 - Camouflage Personal Camouflage Methods of Stalking Chapter 22 - Contact With People Contact With Local People The Survivor's Behavior Changes to Political Allegiance Chapter 23 - Survival in Man-Made Hazards The Nuclear Environment Biological Environments Chemical Environments Appendix A - Survival Kits Appendix B - Edible and Medicinal Plants Appendix C - Poisonous Plants Appendix D - Dangerous Insects and Arachnids Appendix E - Poisonous Snakes and Lizards Appendix F - Dangerous Fish and Mollusks Appendix G - Clouds: Foretellers of Weather Appendix H - Contingency Plan of Action Format Glossary References Authorization Letter DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes FM 21-76, 26 March 1986. GENERAL DENNIS J. REIMER TRAINING AND DOCTRINE DIGITAL LIBRARY FM 21-76 Download Information The RDL supports several different file download formats. If you are uncertain how to download a file or what viewer is needed, consult the Download Instructions. FM 21-76 is available for downloading in the following formats: Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) Files FM 21-76 Table of Contents FM 21-76 Cover FM 21-76 Preface FM 21-76 Chapter 1 FM 21-76 Chapter 2 FM 21-76 Chapter 3 FM 21-76 Chapter 4 FM 21-76 Chapter 5 FM 21-76 Chapter 6 FM 21-76 Chapter 7 FM 21-76 Chapter 8 FM 21-76 Chapter 9 FM 21-76 Chapter 10 FM 21-76 Chapter 11 FM 21-76 Chapter 12 FM 21-76 Chapter 13 FM 21-76 Chapter 14 RDL FM 21-76 Download Information FM 21-76 Chapter 15 FM 21-76 Chapter 16 FM 21-76 Chapter 17 FM 21-76 Chapter 18 FM 21-76 Chapter 19 FM 21-76 Chapter 20 FM 21-76 Chapter 21 FM 21-76 Chapter 22 FM 21-76 Chapter 23 FM 21-76 Appendix A FM 21-76 Appendix B FM 21-76 Appendix C FM 21-76 Appendix D FM 21-76 Appendix E FM 21-76 Appendix F FM 21-76 Appendix G FM 21-76 Appendix H FM 21-76 Glossary FM 21-76 References FM 21-76 Index FM 21-76 Authorization RDL FM 21-76 Document Information RDL Table of Download Homepage Contents Instructions FM 21-76 Document Information Distribution Restrictions: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Government Agency: US ARMY Document Type: FIELD MANUAL Document Number: FM 21-76 Document Title: SURVIVAL Document Date: 05 Jun 1992 Document Status: Released School: JFK SPEC WAR CTR Proponent: Commander, USAJFKSWCS MAILING ADDRESS: Commander, USAJFKSWCS ATTN: AOJK-DT-DM Fort Bragg, NC 28307-5000 FM 21-76 Preface RDL Table of Document Download Homepage Contents Information Instructions CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This manual is based entirely on the keyword SURVIVAL. The letters in this word can help guide you in your actions in any survival situation. Whenever faced with a survival situation, remember the word SURVIVAL. SURVIVAL ACTIONS The following paragraphs expand on the meaning of each letter of the word survival. Study and remember what each letter signifies because you may some day have to make it work for you. S -Size Up the Situation If you are in a combat situation, find a place where you can conceal yourself from the enemy. Remember, security takes priority. Use your senses of hearing, smell, and sight to get a feel for the battlefield. What is the enemy doing? Advancing? Holding in place? Retreating? You will have to consider what is developing on the battlefield when you make your survival plan. Size Up Your Surroundings Determine the pattern of the area. Get a feel for what is going on around you. Every environment, whether forest, jungle, or desert, has a rhythm or pattern. This rhythm or pattern includes animal and bird noises and movements and insect sounds. It may also include enemy traffic and civilian movements. Size Up Your Physical Condition The pressure of the battle you were in or the trauma of being in a survival situation may have caused you to overlook wounds you received. Check your wounds and give yourself first aid. Take care to prevent further bodily harm. For instance, in any climate, drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration. If you are in a cold or wet climate, put on additional clothing to prevent hypothermia. Size Up Your Equipment Perhaps in the heat of battle, you lost or damaged some of your equipment. Check to see what equipment you have and what condition it is in. Now that you have sized up your situation, surroundings, physical condition, and equipment, you are ready to make your survival plan. In doing so, keep in mind your basic physical needs—water, food, and shelter. U -Use All Your Senses, Undue Haste Makes Waste You may make a wrong move when you react quickly without thinking or planning. That move may result in your capture or death. Don't move just for the sake of taking action. Consider all aspects of your situation (size up your situation) before you make a decision and a move. If you act in haste, you may forget or lose some of your equipment. In your haste you may also become disoriented so that you don't know which way to go. Plan your moves. Be ready to move out quickly without endangering yourself if the enemy is near you. Use all your senses to evaluate the situation. Note sounds and smells. Be sensitive to temperature changes. Be observant. R -Remember Where You Are Spot your location on your map and relate it to the surrounding terrain. This is a basic principle that you must always follow. If there are other persons with you, make sure they also know their location. Always know who in your group, vehicle, or aircraft has a map and compass. If that person is killed, you will have to get the map and compass from him. 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