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"Development Geology Reference Manual edited by Diana Morton-Thompson and Arnold M. Woods, AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, No. 10. Published by The American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A., 74101. Copyright © 1992 by The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. Published April 1993; Second printing (with minor revisions) May 1997; Third printing August 1999. ISBN: 0-89181-660-7. AAPG grants permission for a single photocopy of an item from this publication for personal use. Authorization for additional copies of items from this publication for personal or internal use is granted by AAPG provided that the base fee of $15.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923 (phone: 978-750-8400). Fees are subject to change. Any form of electronic or digital scanning or other digital transformation of portions of this publication into computer-readable and/or transmittable forms for personal or corporate use requires special permission from, and is subject to fee charges by, the AAPG. Association Editor: Susan Longacre Science Director: Gary D. Howell Publication Manager: Cathleen P. Williams Special Projects Editor: Anne H. Thomas Production: Kathy A. and Dana M. Walker, Editorial Technologies, Renton, WA THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS (AAPG) DOES NOT ENDORSE OR RECOMMEND ANY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES THAT MAY BE CITED, USED OR DISCUSSED IN AAPG PUBLICATIONS OR IN PRESENTATIONS AT EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE AAPG. Cover photo by Joel M. Dexter, Illinois State Geological Survey. Gas flare in the Salem oil field, Illinois Basin, south-central Illinois. This field has produced approximately 400 million barrels of oil from Devonian and Mississippian sandstones and carbonates. This and other AAPG publications are available from: The AAPG Bookstore P.O. Box 979, Tulsa, OK 74101-0979 Telephone: +1-918-584-2555 or 1-800-364-AAPG (USA) Fax: +1-918-560-2652 or 1-800-898-2274 (USA) www.aapg.org Australian Mineral Foundation AMF Bookshop 63 Conyngham Street, Glenside, South Australia 5065 Australia Tel. +61-8-8379-0444 Fax +61-8-8379-4634 www.amf.com.au Geological Society Publishing House Unit 7, Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath, U.K., BA1 3JN Tel. +44-1225-445046 Fax +44-1225-442836 www.geolsoc.org.uk Affiliate East-West Press Private Ltd. G-I 16 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110 002 India Tel. +91 11 3279113 Fax +91 11 3260538 e-mail: aewp.newdel@aworld.net FOREWORD Whether evaluating offshore wells in an international arena or managing a domestic waterflood, a development geologist is often called on to bridge the gap between geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, petrophysicists, and drilling, production, and reservoir engineers. This requires a broad knowledge base of specific techniques and technologies, as well as the ability to integrate and communicate multidisciplinary data. These skills are rarely learned in a college classroom; instead they are learned on the job. With this in mind, the AAPG Development Geology Reference Manual was designed to guide both newcomers and more experienced hands through a spectrum of concepts, technologies, and methods that encompass the day-to-day work of a development geologist. The Manual is not intended to be a definitive work on any one topic but is a handy desktop or field reference where key facts on many topics are presented in a succinct, easy-to-use format. The Manual provides a great deal of specific, practical information, including: - Definitions of technical terms - Explanations of multidisciplinary techniques and technologies - Introductions to methodologies that can be used to solve problems and aid the reader in performing immediate tasks - Cross-references to other chapters in the Manual where additional information is given on a particular topic - Common abbreviations and conversion formulas - Lists of References Cited (given at the end of each of the ten parts) that can serve as a starting point for additional literature searches. The loose-leaf, three-ring binder format was chosen so that pertinent chapters can be taken out and used in the field or in discussions with colleagues down the hall. This format also allows room for personal notes and for addition of updates as the various technical areas continue to expand and evolve. The Manual comprises ten parts that fall into four broad categories. The first group consists of Parts 1 and 2, which are related to activities that usually precede drilling or reservoir development. In Part 1, Land and Leasing, James Tinkler discusses land and leasing practices, including objectives and procedures for acquiring acreage tracts. In Part 2, Economics and Risk Assessment, Pete Rose and Robert Thompson discuss fundamental economic considerations related to oil and gas exploitation. The second group consists of three parts that focus on wellsite equipment and data collection and analyses. Part 3, Wellsite Methods, is edited by Arnold Woods, Byram Reed, and Diana Morton-Thompson and contains chapters on drilling and evaluation equipment and on wellsite data collection and interpretation. Part 4 on Wireline Methods, edited by Mark Alberty, focuses on borehole evaluation, including common logging equipment and interpretation methods. Part 5 on Laboratory Methods, edited by Frank Ethridge, concentrates on laboratory analytical methods and data interpretation. The third broad group comprises three parts that cover integration and interpretation of data for reservoir description. Part 6 on Geological Methods, edited by Roger Slatt, contains chapters on techniques and approaches that can be used to evaluate a variety of reservoir types, as well as material on statistical analysis of geological data. Geophysical Methods, Part 7, is edited by Peter Duncan and includes information on seismic and other remote data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. Integrated Computer Methods, Part 8, edited by Brian Shaw, explains how to use computers to quantify and present reservoir data effectively from a geological and geophysical perspective. The final group consists of two parts that encompass engineering techniques and technologies commonly encountered by development geologists. Part 9 on Production Engineering Methods, edited by Steve Holditch, includes chapters on completion, stimulation, and production procedures and on various reservoir testing and evaluation methods. Part 10 on Reservoir Engineering Methods, edited by E.G. (Skip) Rhodes, discusses fundamental techniques for understanding, quantifying, and modeling reservoir properties. The chapters included in this comprehensive manual were solicited from a wide spectrum of authors. There are approximately 125 individual authors and editors that represent many major corporations, independents, consultants, service companies, state agencies, and universities. Although care was taken to edit papers for greater clarity and to coordinate the topics as much as possible, the reader will find a variety of writing styles and content levels in the different parts. If you have questions about the information presented in a particular chapter, we encourage you to contact the author(s) of the chapter directly. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The compilation editors would like to acknowledge our employers during the period this Manual was in preparation and thank them for their support on this project: Chevron U.S.A. and ARCO (D.M.-T.) and Conoco (A.W.). We would also like to thank the Part Editors, outside reviewers, and individual authors for their hard work. Without their dedication, this Manual would not have been possible. We also wish to thank the AAPG Committee on Development Geology for moral support during this process. We extend our special thanks and appreciation to Cathleen Williams, AAPG Publications Manager (alias "the Velvet Hammer"), and Anne Thomas, AAPG Special Projects Editor, for all of their help, friendship, and patience. We would also like to thank Kathy Walker at Editorial Technologies for her work on design, layout, copyediting, and production management. We hope that the Development Geology Reference Manual will serve as a useful tool for geoscientists and other industry workers who are undertaking new tasks or perfecting old skills. We also hope that it will help promote better interdisciplinary communication by introducing fundamental concepts on a variety of topics. This should lead to the generation of new ideas and approaches for solving reservoir problems. Diana Morton-Thompson Arnold M. 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