Description:

Ecological Studies, Vol. 204 Analysis and Synthesis Edited by M.M. Caldwell, Washington, USA; G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany; R.B. Jackson, Durham, USA; O.L. Lange, Würzburg, Germany; H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA; E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany; U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany Ecological Studies Further volumes can be found at springer.com Volume 189 Ecology of Harmful Algae (2006) E. Granelli and J.T. Turner (Eds.) Volume 190 Wetlands and Natural Resource Management (2006) J.T.A. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, R. Bobbink, and D.F. Whigham (Eds.) Volume 191 Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity Conservation, and Restoration (2006) R. Bobbink, B. Beltman, J.T.A. Verhoeven, and D.F. Whigham (Eds.) Volume 192 Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology (2007) R.B. Aronson (Ed.) Volume 193 Biological Invasions (2007) W. Nentwig (Ed.) Volume 194 Clusia: A Woody Neotropical Genus of Remarkable Plasticity and Diversity (2007) U. Lütge (Ed.) Volume 195 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing (2008) I.J. Gordon and H.H.T. Prins (Eds.) Volume 196 Western North American Juniperus Communities: A Dynamic Vegetation Type (2008) O. Van Auken (Ed.) Volume 197 Ecology of Baltic Coastal Waters (2008) U. Schiewer (Ed.) Volume 198 Gradients in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of Ecuador (2008) E. Beck, J. Bendix, I. Kottke, F. Makeschin, R. Mosandl (Eds.) Volume 199 Hydrological and Biological Responses to Forest Practices: The Alsea Watershed Study (2008) J.D. Stednick (Ed.) Volume 200 Arid Dune Ecosystems: The Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert (2008) S.-W. Breckle, A. Yair, and M. Veste (Eds.) Volume 201 The Everglades Experiments: Lessons for Ecosystem Restoration (2008) C. Richardson (Ed.) Volume 202 Ecosystem Organization of a Complex Landscape: Long-Term Research in the Bornhöved Lake District, Germany (2008) O. Frönzle, L. Kappen, H.-P. Blume, and K. Dierssen (Eds.) Volume 203 The Continental-Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe (2008) H. Dolman, R. Valentini, and A. Freibauer (Eds.) Volume 204 Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives (2009) G. Rilov and J.A. Crooks (Eds.) Gil Rilov • Jeffrey A. Crooks Editors Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives Editors Dr. Gil Rilov Department of Zoology Cordley 3029 Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA Dr. Jeffrey A. Crooks Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Southwest Wetlands Interpretive Association 301 Caspian Way Imperial Beach CA 91932, USA ISBN: 978-3-540-79235-2 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-79236-9 Ecological Studies ISSN 0070-8356 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008929900 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover illustration: Vectors that have transported marine species around the globe have been operating for millennia, but the diversity and intensity of vector activity has increased dramatically in recent years. The drawing on the book cover depicts the change in the types of one particularly important vector, ocean-going vessels, over this time frame. In the first millennium, large canoes were used by the Polynesian people to travel around the Pacific and occupy new lands, and the Vikings crossed the Atlantic in longships. These were replaced by large sailing ships that traversed the oceans during most of the second millennium, only to be replaced by huge freighters and tankers that dominate the seas today. With this change, the vectors changed in size and mode of transfer of marine invaders from fouling only, to fouling and dry ballast, to fouling and ballast waters. With the change in the size of vessels and the number of routes and voyages as well as the proliferation of other invasion vectors such as canals, fisheries and trade in pets, bait and seafood, the number of invasive species has dramatically increased. The graph represents this increase, from just a few species such as wood-boring shipworms (Teredo spp) to a multitude of species that take advantage of the many ways in which marine species now move around the world (Design Gil Rilov). Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface The timing of the publication of this book couldn’t be better as we celebrate the 50th anniversary of Charles Elton’s seminal book, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Since this influential book was published in 1958, the study of bioinvasions has developed exponentially, alongside the exponential growth in the magnitude of the invasion problem itself. Today, bioinvasion, a highly complex ecological process and environmental concern, has become a specific branch in ecology and environmental studies, with many disciplines developing within it. In early 2004 one of us (G.R.) received a letter from Springer Publishers asking to consider writing or editing a book on marine bioinvasions for their Ecological Studies Series. Springer’s editors have been thinking of such a book for quite a while—and rightfully so. Over the past several decades, many books have been written on management, evolutionary or ecological perspectives of bioinvasions, but those books have focused mostly on terrestrial invasions with only a few marine examples. Research on marine bioinvasions has been mounting in the last two decades; a special biannual international symposium on the topic was established in 1999, signifying the fact that it has become a discipline in its own right, but no comprehensive marine bioinvasions book existed at that time. Today, four years later, this is still the first of its kind. The challenge was exciting and, because the book’s purpose was to reflect the full breadth of this fascinating topic, it warranted the inclusion of knowledge of many expert contributors. Dr. Jeff Crooks joined in as a co-editor, and we launched on this long journey together. It was a perfect match: both of us have worked on invasive mussels and their interactions with the native communities, one (G.R.) in one of the hottest hotspots of marine bioinvasions on earth, the eastern Mediterranean, and the other (J.C.) in one of the hotspots on the West Coast of North America, Southern California. Together, we envisioned a book that will focus mainly on the ecological aspects of the invasion process in the marine environment, which in many ways is quite different to the terrestrial one. With the help of Prof. Jim Carlton, we crafted an outline for a book that would depict the different stages of the invasion process, discuss management issues, and present illustrative case studies from different regions of the world. Identifying prospective contributors was the easy part of the task: many excellent experts could address these different processes. The big question was would these very prolific, busy, and active researchers be willing and able to contribute to this effort? The response was heartening: when we presented the idea to our prospective contributors, the excitement and willingness to commit were overwhelming. Within ten days, we had a list of chapter authors that would cover most of the topics we envisioned. This rapid and positive response reemphasized the great thirst for such a book. One of the challenges in producing this book is that the topic is so “hot” and rapidly evolving that it is hard to keep up with the new science. This is for two main reasons. The first is that new invasions are being discovered weekly in many regions, and the second is that new basic research is continuously being produced on new, as well as older, invasions. With every iteration of the book’s production, new material seemed appropriate for inclusion and we were bound to draw the line somewhere. Yet this is what made this project so exciting. It became clear that it is impossible to include everything we might have wanted in this one book. Luckily, there are other excellent books on the general theory of bioinvasions that cover many of the topics of which we could only scratch the surface. Many are mentioned in the introductory chapter. The dedicated contributing authors of this book made great efforts to keep the content as updated and relevant as possible. This enables our book, we believe, to serve as an up-to-date learning tool for students and a valuable asset for professionals in the field. Editing such an encompassing book wasn’t always an easy assignment, and quite challenging at times; still, we have thoroughly enjoyed this creative work. We are grateful to Springer Publishers for their support during this process, and mostly we thank our devoted chapter authors without which this book would not exist. We also thank our patient families, Iris, Shai and Shir Rilov, and Emma, Kai, and Aiden Crooks, for allowing us many hours of seclusion working on the book. We hope that Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives will serve its purpose and broaden the knowledge and understanding of this important topic. June 2008 Gil Rilov, USA Jeff Crooks, USA Ключевые слова: california, increase, tidal marsh, sharov sharov, range, genetic marker, bay, inducible defense, ballast water, roux, chap, diversity, slipper limpet, vice versa, ecology, zealand, source, brazilian water, exotic, ecosystem, management, scale, time, invader, ge nl, conclusions references, atlantic, reproductive output, water, fouling, disturbance, pacific, oceanic water, north america, von holle, wa, mutually exclusive, trading partner, competition, success, brackish-water islands, nio, crab, resource, van leeuwen, environment, sci, ha, local extirpation, propagule input, inland water, high, schizoporella unicornis, impact, gracilaria spp, santa catarina, urban affairs, reaction norm, specie, analysis, oceanografa conceptos, trichostrongylus tenuis, chesapeake, botryllus schlosseri, approach, port, prehistoric deposit, ballast stone, spread, carlton, process, warmer water, mendona junior, invasive specie, model, swimmers itch, science, pattern, precautionary principleapproach, ded oncorhynchus, ballast, tidal flat, alien, change, lessepsian migrant, anonymous reviewer, interaction, unrecognised hazard, rilov, invertebrate, gollasch, phenotypic plasticitys, invasional meltdown, distribution, including, establishment, cytochrome oxidase, humboldt upwelling, vermetid gastropod, community, species, species taxa, black, www pusannews, predator-prey interactions, rate, sd, urosalpinx cinerea, north, occhipinti ambrogi, hawaiian islands, nutricola spp, study, region, exotic taxa, water column, spartina alterniflora, skora, black seas, invas, role, caspian seas, sea, ecological, valuation methodology, data, habitat, number, environmental, year, estuarine, hewitt, paulo, bracken jarrett, cape town, established, comb jelly, mar, area, vessel, meso-oligohaline zone, result, invasions, propagule pressure, marsh grass, risk, mediterranean, southern hemisphere, prolonged lag, plasticity, coast, estuary, european union, level, control, native specie, response, nis, introduction, streblospio benedicti, thicker shelled, introduced specie, chile, ficopomatus enigmaticus, predator, tortanus dextrilobatus, non-native, coral reef, southwestern atlantic, semi-enclosed seas, marine, nuclear-dna marker, case, organism, natural, north-east atlantic, native, crooks, benthic macrofauna, latitudinal gradient, musculista senhousia, ministers copenhagen, helsinki commission, posidonia oceanica, reproductive cycle, congress office, plant, hazardous substances, invasive, ruiz, lebenskundlicher teil, assessment, potential, introduced, stepping stones, grosholz, introduccin, population, fish, cambridge expedition, maritime affairs, international workshop, earthscan london, exotic richness, south, coastal, biological, invasion, mussel, vector, international symposium, espcies exticas, great lakes, ecol, australia