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"Theory of the Earth Don L. Anderson BLACKWELL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Theory of the Earth Don L. Anderson Seismological Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California BLACKWELL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Boston Oxford London Edinburgh Melbourne Editorial Offices and Distributors Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL UK 8 John Street, London WC1N 2ES UK 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ UK 3 Cambridge Center; Suite 208, Cambridge MA 02142 107 Barry Street, Carlton Victoria 3053 Australia USA and Canada Blackwell Scientific Publications c/o ROB.S. RO. Box 447 Brooldine Village, MA 02147 (617) 524-7678 Australia Blackwell Scientific Publications (Australia) Pty Ltd 107 Barry Street, Carlton Victoria 3053 UK Blackwell Scientific Publications Osney Mead Oxford OX2 0EL UK 44 865-240201 Sponsoring Editor: John Staples Manuscript Editor: Andrew Alden Production Coordinator: Partners in Publishing Pat Waldo and Susan Swanson Interior and Cover Design: Gay Head Design Compositor: G&S Typesetters, Inc. Printer: Areata Graphics Kingsport (c) 1989 Blackwell Scientific Publications All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. 91 92 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, Don L. Theory of the Earth. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Earth 2. Geophysics I. Title. QC806.A5151989 -7903 ISBN 0-86542-335-0 (hardcover) 0-86542-123-4 (paperback) Contents i The Terrestrial Planets Theories of Planetary Formation Meteorites Planetary Atmospheres Composition of the Terrestrial Planets Comparative Planetology References 2 Earth and Moon Bulk Composition of the Earth Evolution of the Earth's Interior Origin of the Crust Origin of the Mantle and Core Mineralogy of the Mantle Moon References 3 The Crust and Upper Mantle The Crust The Seismic Lithosphere or LID The Low-Velocity Zone or LVZ Mineralogical Models of 50-40 km Depth The Transition Region References 4 The Lower Mantle and Core Composition of the Lower Mantle Region D' The Core Mantle-Core Equilibration The Magnetic Field References 5 Thermodynamics and Equations of State Thermodynamics Theoretical Equations of State The Grüneisen Relations Effect of Temperature on Bulk Moduli Thermal Expansion and Anharmonicity Isothermal-Adiabatic Transformations" Ключевые слова: heat, model, short-period wave, sci, garnet, material, terrestrial planets, rb sr, thermodynamic, elastic modulus, solid, alkaline province, eclogite-rich cumulate, astron, lithosphere, eclogite, percent, density, phase, ridge-crest environment, equatorial bulge, surface, thermal, kimberlite, wave propagating, region, seismic, considerably, long, polar wandering, thermal gradient, upper mantle, dislocations mcgrawhill, south-central pacific, shear, ha, lateral hetero, earth, order, result, elastic tensor, lett, reservoir, chemical gradient, volume, azimuthal dependence, ocean, upper, gas-dust cloud, partial differential, partial melting, temperature, parameter, ks vp, jth phase, layered media, good reflector, peierls energy, transition, convection, nature, oceanic, depth, geoid, face-centered cubic, elastic wave, red sea, back-arc basin, change, anderson, process, transition zone, hellas basin, shear-type modulus, data, seismic waveform, kt vj, morb, youngs modulus, narrowed considerably, field, ni cu, elastic constants, astron soc, canary islands, constant, inter, sc ti, small, average, pressure, hindu kush, crystallizing cumulate, vice versa, polygonized network, slab, melting, velocity, large, composition, bulk, property, stress-induced migration, element, anisotropy, earth planet, rich, decrease, low-viscosity channel, roy, lunar exploration, le, internal energy, isotopic identity, thermal oscillation, polar wander, chandler wobble, isostatic rebound, frequency, jan mayen, iapanese arc, great-circle path, mantle, energy, flow, variation, relative, mineral, soc, core, low-velocity zone, magmatic processes, propagating wave, aluminous phase, component, quasi-transverse wave, lateral variations, dense, source, burgers vector, free oscillation, adjacent mg-octahedra, anomaly, olivine, purely thermal, crystal, seismic zone, crust, zone, fluid, wa, partial, nonei, structural rearrangement, range, wave, form, planet, structure, internal friction, mathematical convenience, magma, geochemical signature, upward migration, time, elsevier amsterdam, thermal expansion, phys, increase, equation, elastic, depleted, layer, moon, boundary, seismic wave, geophys, rb cs, shallow, iron, ratio, high-density phase, ionic conductivity, energy supply, stress, high, basalt, lowvelocity zone, modulus, dislocation, light-sound scattering, indian oceans, melt, enriched, continental, tectonic classification, translates coherently, tectonic province, kinetic energy, geothermal gradient, tasman sea, peridotite, rock, os ir, primitive, table, terrestrial inventory, rayleigh wave, continental insulation, fe ni