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This page intentionally left blank Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology 38 Neanderthals and Modern Humans Neanderthals and Modern Humans develops the theme of the close relationship between climate change, ecological change and biogeographical patterns in humans during the Pleistocene. In particular it challenges the view that modern human 'superiority' caused the extinction of Neanderthals between 40 000 and 30 000 years ago. Clive Finlayson shows that to understand human evolution, the spread of humankind across the world and the extinction of archaic populations we must start off from a theoretical evolutionary ecology base and incorporate important wider biogeographic patterns including the role of tropical and temperate refugia. His proposal is that Neanderthals became extinct because their world changed faster than they could cope with, and that their relationship with arriving modern humans where they met was subtle. Clive Finlayson is Director Museums and Heritage in the Government of Gibraltar based at the Gibraltar Museum. He is also Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto. His research interests include Quaternary human-environmental patterns, the biogeography of hominids, and changing environments and faunal patterns in the Quaternary of southern Europe. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology Series Editors: Human Ecology C G Nicholas Mascie-Taylor University of Cambridge Michael A Little State University of New York Binghamton Genetics Kenneth M Weiss Pennsylvania State University Human Evolution Robert A Foley University of Cambridge Nina G Jablonski California Academy of Science Primatology Karen B Strier University of Wisconsin Madison Selected titles also in the series 21 Bioarchaeology Clark S Larsen 0 521 49641 (hardback) 0 521 65834 9 (paperback) 22 Comparative Primate Socioecology P C Lee (ed.) 0 521 59336 0 (hardback) 0 521 00424 1 (paperback) 23 Patterns of Human Growth, second edition Barry Bogin 0 521 56438 7 (paperback) 24 Migration and Colonisation in Human Microevolution Alan Fix 0 521 59206 2 25 Human Growth in the Past Robert D Hoppa & Charles M FitzGerald (eds) 0 521 63153 X 26 Human Paleobiology Robert B Eckhardt 0 521 45160 4 27 Mountain Gorillas Martha M Robbins, Pascale Sicotte & Kelly J Stewart (eds) 0 521 76004 7 28 Evolution and Genetics of Latin American Populations Francisco M Salzano & Maria C Bortolini 0 521 65275 8 29 Primates Face to Face Agustín Fuentes & Linda D Wolfe (eds) 0 521 79109 X 30 Human Biology of Pastoral Populations William Leonard & Michael Crawford (eds) 0 521 78016 0 31 Paleodemography Robert D Hoppa & James W Vanpel (eds) 0 521 80063 31 32 Primate Dentition Davis Swindler 0 521 65289 8 33 The Primate Fossil Record Walter C Hartwig (ed.) 0 521 66315 6 34 Gorilla Biology Andrea B Taylor & Michele L Goldsmith (eds) 0 521 79281 9 35 Human Biologists in the Archives D Ann Hening & Alan C Swedlund (eds) 0 521 80104 4 36 Human Senescence Douglas Crews 0 521 57173 1 37 Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo Jennifer L Thompson, Gail E Krovitz & Andrew J Nelson (eds) 0 521 571731 Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective Clive Finlayson The Gibraltar Museum and The University of Toronto Cambridge University Press Cambridge New York Melbourne Madrid Cape Town Singapore São Paulo Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www cambridge org Information on this title: www cambridge org 9780521820875 © Clive Finlayson 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2004 isbn-13 978-0-511-18634-9 eBook (EBL) isbn-10 0-511-18634-7 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-82087-5 hardback isbn-10 0-521-82087-1 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is or will remain accurate or appropriate. To Geraldine and Stewart Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Human evolution in the Pleistocene 2 Biogeographical patterns 3 Human range expansions, contractions and extinctions 4 The Modern Human–Neanderthal problem 5 Comparative behaviour and ecology of Neanderthals and Modern Humans 6 The conditions in Africa and Eurasia during the last glacial cycle 7 The Modern Human colonisation and the Neanderthal extinction 8 The survival of the weakest References Index Ключевые слова: references, oxford, dorado valino, eurasian plains, evolution, range, climatic oscillation, south-west asia, symbolic behaviour, cognitive capacity, wrangel island, glacialinterglacial cycle, press, vice versa, expansion, evolutionary, current anthropology, ecology, geographical, landscape, valdeolmillos rodrguez, southern limit, early, scale, site, time, van peer, body mass, genetic drift, myr, marine mollusc, prehistoric revolution, archaeological record, group, behaviour, blombos cave, bocquet-appel demars, roe deer, wa, stringer, europe, climatic amelioration, resource, adaptation, environment, african, university, change intensied, ha, thermo-mediterranean stage, human evolution, iberian, alcala-mcyt-inqua commission, gamble, genetic legacy, reverse applied, van, southern, oxygen isotope, anthropology, humans, specie, eurasian, genetic, ruiz zapata, micro-evolutionary change, modern human, liege etudes, adaptive strategy, upper palaeolithic, size, giant deer, isotopic biogeochemistry, natural laboratory, american, hominid, northern spain, bioclimatic zone, modern humans, mammalian herbivore, bioclimatic stage, south-east asia, south-western france, model, science, seasonal decits, climate, pattern, form, neanderthal, pervading explanation, food supply, glacial, lagar velho, open, change, technology, forest, cold, finlayson, york, circular strategy, tropical, distribution, relationship, moderns, period, recherches archaeologiques, upper, origin, ois, national academy, palaeolithic settlement, fasting endurance, enhancing exibility, genetic distinctness, london, york aldine, neanderthals modern, biological superiority, modern, climatic, social structure, multiregional perspective, journal, zagros mountains, evidence, briansk interstadial, antiquity, biology, north, region, smith, environmental heterogeneity, trinkaus, eurasia, iberia, central, foley, changing circumstance, pleistocene, caspian seas, east, ecological, topographical heterogeneity, habitat, statistically insignicant, difference, environmental, statistically signicant, tool kit, iberian peninsula, middle, annual cycle, herbivore, chapter, comparative behaviour, area, environmental instability, gran dolina, grotte, current, mediterranean, late, middle palaeolithic, general principle, raw material, level, santiago prez, response, asia, open vegetation, human, mode, maximal expression, africa, plain, case, global warming, environmental uctuations, kyr, event, stage, ecological release, palaeolithic, vegetation, castillo, red deer, extinction, condition, colonisation, aboriginal australians, deer, neanderthals, tucson university, late eocene, nature, quaternary, linkage disequilibrium, mitochondrial dna, heat strain, environmental crises, population, sharp discontinuity, ice sheet, aguilera garcia, south, biological perspectives, chicago university, glacial cycle, giles pacheco, large, henares universidad, carrying capacity