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This page intentionally left blank DEMOGRAPHY IN ARCHAEOLOGY Andrew T. Chamberlain Demography in Archaeology is a review of current theory and method in the reconstruction of populations from archaeological data. Starting with a summary of demographic concepts and methods, the book examines historical and ethnographic sources of demographic evidence before addressing the methods by which reliable demographic estimates can be made from skeletal remains, settlement evidence and modern and ancient biomolecules. Recent debates in palaeodemography are evaluated, new statistical methods for palaeodemographic reconstruction are explained, and the notion that past demographic structures and processes were substantially different from those pertaining today is critiqued. The book covers a wide span of evidence, from the evolutionary background of human demography to the influence of natural and human-induced catastrophes on population growth and survival. This is essential reading for any archaeologist or anthropologist with an interest in relating the results of field and laboratory studies to broader questions of population structure and dynamics. Andrew T. Chamberlain is Reader in Biological Anthropology at the University of Sheffield. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology General Editor Graeme Barker, University of Cambridge Advisory Editors Elizabeth Slater, University of Liverpool Peter Bogucki, Princeton University Books in the series: Pottery in Archaeology Clive Orton Paul Tyers and Alan Vince Vertebrate Taphonomy R. Lee Lyman Photography in Archaeology and Conservation 2nd edition Peter G. Dorrell Alluvial Geoarchaeology A. G. Brown Shells Cheryl Claasen Zooarchaeology Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. Wing Sampling in Archaeology Clive Orton Excavation Steve Roskams Teeth 2nd edition Simon Hillson Lithics 2nd edition William Andrefsky Jr. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology James Conolly and Mark Lake Demography in Archaeology Andrew T. Chamberlain Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology is a series of reference handbooks designed for an international audience of upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and professional archaeologists and archaeological scientists in universities, museums, research laboratories and field units. Each book includes a survey of current archaeological practice alongside essential reference material on contemporary techniques and methodology. DEMOGRAPHY IN ARCHAEOLOGY Andrew T. Chamberlain CONTENTS List of figures List of tables Preface 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The principal concerns of demography 1 1.1.1 What is a population? 1 1.1.2 Population characteristics 2 1.1.3 Demographic data: from individual life histories to population parameters 3 1.2 Demography in archaeology 4 1.2.1 Archaeology and people 4 1.2.2 Population pressure: cause or effect? 4 1.2.3 Population structure 6 1.2.4 Health and disease 7 1.2.5 Migration 8 1.3 Sources of evidence 10 1.3.1 Theoretical models 10 1.3.2 Ethnographic and historical evidence 11 1.3.3 Archaeological evidence: skeletal remains, settlements and site catchments 11 1.3.4 Genetic and evolutionary evidence 12 1.3.5 Evidence from disease 13 2 DEMOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS, THEORY AND METHODS 15 2.1 Population structure 15 2.1.1 Age categories and age distributions 15 2.1.2 Sex distributions 18 2.1.3 Other structuring categories 19 2.2 Population growth and demographic transition 19 2.2.1 Geometric and exponential growth 19 2.2.2 Logistic growth 21 2.2.3 Demographic transition 23 2.3 Mortality, survivorship and life tables 25 2.3.1 Mortality 25 2.3.2 Survivorship 25 2.3.3 Stable populations 26 2.3.4 The life table 27 2.3.5 Hazard functions for modelling mortality and survivorship 32 2.4 Fertility and population projection 35 2.4.1 Fertility 35 2.4.2 Population projection 36 2.5 Migration and colonisation 38 2.5.1 Migration 38 2.5.2 Colonisation 40 2.6 Population standardisation and comparison 41 2.6.1 Population standardisation 41 2.6.2 Population comparison 43 3 HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC DEMOGRAPHY 45 3.1 Documentary sources of demographic data 45 3.1.1 Vital registration 45 3.1.2 Censuses 46 3.1.3 Commemorative inscriptions 47 3.1.4 Other written sources 48 3.2 Families and households 50 3.2.1 Family units 50 3.2.2 Family reconstitution 50 3.2.3 Household size 52 3.3 Longevity, menarche and menopause 52 3.3.1 Perceptions and misperceptions of longevity 52 3.3.2 Menarche and menopause 54 3.4 Historical evidence of migration and colonisation 55 3.4.1 Migration in pre-industrial Europe 55 3.4.2 Mass migration and colonisation in the modern era 57 3.5 Hunter-gatherer demography 58 References 1924 Cranial suture closure: its progress and age relationship American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7: 325–384. 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M. 1972 On the systematic bias in skeletal sexing American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37: 239–250 Ключевые слова: nineteenth-century hospital, evidence, ancient remains, surface, fertility, teeth, life table, mortality, oor area, york wiley-liss, annual growth, physical anthropology, probability, life, age, bone, wa, analysis, homo heidelbergensis, carrying capacity, evolution, contingency table, anthropology, york, category, age distribution, chronological marker, modern era, infective agent, journal, age-speci?c, genetic, hunter-gatherer, raphy archaeolo, considerably greater, lbk cemetery, history, ramirez rozzi, population growth, continuous function, society, van gerven, study, age structure, demography, archaeological context, period, cambridge, theoretical perspective, female, commemorative inscription, dental remains, death, american journal, demographic, science, natural disaster, population, university, sex, proportion, surface facing, infective organism, symphyseal surface, site, isotopic signature, individual, wilcoxon-mann-whitney test, table, birth, skeleton, married couple, skeletal material, distribution, skeletal remains, dental, general rule, demo raphy, life-history variable, skeletal sexing, prior, treponema pallidum, rodrguez martn, sample, edition, ancient, antiquity, kolmogorov-smirnov test, roberts, century, case, survivorship, population studies, skeletal, average, human osteology, age estimation, difference, van panhuis, american, archaeological perspective, stable structure, archaeolo, chicago, method, american journal physical anthropology, paleodemography, interpersonal violence, estimate, chicago press, child, age category, large carnivore, high, number, record, adult, pecos pueblo, archaeological material, press, demo, structure, berar province, dental anthropology, skeletal growth, material remains, nature, los huesos, national academy, infectious, british isles, historical, journal physical, length, human, dental attrition, york aldine, human activity, raphy, ha, depositional context, sciences, smith, koobi fora, military service, london, growth plate, model, size, migration, dna, rostock workshop, blind test, york academic, parker pearson, time, long-wavelength oscillation, development, skeletal assemblage, oxford, cultural material, eastern paraguay, southeastern pampas, occlusal surface, auricular surface, level, modern, male, condence interval, year, interval, archaeological, growth, demographic signature, sexual maturity, wide span, blurton jones, change, dark band, wood, catastrophic, homo sapiens, disease, indirect test, studies, discriminant function, great ape, remains, bermu dez, young, journal physical anthropology, visual inspection, social, human-induced catastrophe, subsistence technology, living tissue, age death, human remains, rate, van, american journal physical, archaeology, sexual dimorphism, pubic symphysis, physical, dental microstructure, standard deviation, biology, dean, university press, early, articular surface, indicator, homo, series, current, dwelling space, robust australopithecine, international journal, result, brous tissue, thomas, led, stable isotope, estimation, pattern, reference, data, homo neanderthalensis, demographic structure, speci?c, concluding remark