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This page intentionally left blank **Making Treaties Work** There is an increasing focus on the need for national implementation of treaties. International law traditionally leaves enforcement to individual parties, but more and more treaties contain arrangements to induce states to comply with their commitments. This book examines three forms of such mechanisms: dispute settlement procedures in the form of international courts, non-compliance procedures of an administrative character, and enforcement by coercive means. Three fields are examined: human rights, international environmental law, and arms control and disarmament. These areas are at the forefront of current international law and deal with multilateral rather than purely bilateral issues. The three sections on human rights, international environmental law, and arms control contain a general introduction and case studies of relevant treaties. **Preface and Acknowledgments** **Notes on the Contributors** **Table of Cases** **Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments** ### Introduction The significance of treaties, compliance with treaty obligations, general international law, treaty mechanisms, dispute settlement procedures, non-compliance procedures, enforcement. The structure of the book. ### Part I: International Human Rights 1. Dispute Resolution, Compliance Control, and Enforcement in Human Rights Law - General Questions and Introduction - Dispute Resolution - Compliance Control - Enforcement - Overall Evaluation 2. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - General Issues - Dispute Resolution - Compliance Control - Enforcement - Overall Evaluation 3. The European Convention on Human Rights - Introduction - The Court and Its Procedures - The Court’s Judgments - Overall Evaluation 4. The European Convention on the Prevention of Torture Compared with the United Nations Convention Against Torture and its Optional Protocol - General Issues - Defining the Task - Dispute Resolution - Compliance Control - Enforcement - Overall Evaluation ### Part II: International Environmental Law 5. Dispute Resolution, Compliance Control, and Enforcement in International Environmental Law - Introduction - Dispute Settlement Procedures - Compliance Control - Enforcement - Overall Evaluation 6. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) - Introduction - Compliance Control - Enforcement - Effectiveness of the Compliance and Enforcement Mechanisms - Dispute Resolution - Lessons Learned 7. The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution - General - Dispute Resolution - Compliance Control - Enforcement - Overall Evaluation 8. The Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) - Introduction - Summary Contents of the Aarhus Convention and Its Nature - Dispute Resolution - Rules of the Convention and MoP Decisions on Reporting and Compliance Control - Bodies Responsible for Monitoring Compliance - Procedures of the Compliance Committee - Determination of Non-Compliance and Decision on Non-Compliance Response Measures - The Relationship Between Settlement of Disputes and Review of Compliance ### Part III: Arms Control and Disarmament **Preface and Acknowledgments** **Notes on the Contributors** **Table of Cases** **Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments** --- **Authors:** - Geir Ulfstein, Professor of Law and Director of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, University of Oslo - Thilo Maarauhn, Professor of Public Law, International Law, and European Law at Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, and Research Fellow at the University of Luzern - Andreas Zimmermann, Professor of Law and Director of the Walter-Schücking-Institute for International Law, University of Kiel **Publisher:** Cambridge University Press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo --- **ISBNs:** - 978-0-521-87317-8 (hardback) - 0-521-87317-7 (hardback) - 978-0-511-27806-8 (eBook - EBL) - 0-511-27806-3 (eBook - EBL) --- **Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.** --- **Contents:** - Preface and Acknowledgments - Notes on the Contributors - Table of Cases - Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments Ключевые слова: committee, nitrogen oxides, responsibility, para, activity, enforcement approach, secretariat, ozone layer, hoc, supreme interests, sierra leone, action, inter alia, koskenniemi breach, arm control, judgment, arm, international peace, ongoing dialogue, annex, compliance mechanism, trade, measure, rudolf bernhardt, time, transboundary watercourses, ehrmann procedures, compliance committee, kurdish village, violation, wa, non-compliance, wild animal, jarna petman, including, chapter, international, case, modus operandi, security council, ece, cites, rights, endangered species, provisional observations, red cross, control, issue, european, art art, convention, court, dispute settlement, resolution, sands principles, nuclear energy, concluding observations, meeting, countervailing duties, amicus curia, settlement, lisa tabassi, environmental, chemical, volume, worth quoting, political, human, subsidiary arrangements, explosive remnants, mechanism, treaty, complaint, national, chapter volume, amici curia, procedure, renate kicker, lege ferenda, drew heavily, obligation, unece orgenvpp, legal, asphyxiating poisonous, ceased, senior advisers, excessively injurious, article, conference, enforcement, form, weapon, migratory species, review, ocean floor, international law, protocol, agreement, reporting, recommendation, hazardous chemicals, vice versa, worth underlining, philip alston, aarhus, subsidiary body, art, concerned, general, provision, peoples rights, managerial approach, kicker chapter, migrant workers, non-state actors, continuous cycle, reeve chapter, transboundary movements, march, watched carefully, matter, report, threats challenges, international lakes, printing company, parties, kuokkanen chapter, external relations, role, toxic chemical, org, protection, commission, request, koester chapter, nuclear arm, party, humanitarian character, respect, rdiger wolfrum, binding, rule, public, aerial incident, oeter inspection, viii, year, application, inspection, marrakesh accords, socio-economic reintegration, villiger chapter, international courts, nuclear weapons, koivurova chapter, justus-liebig-universitt gieen, negotiation, cwc, torture, iaea, human rights, veri?cation, body, djeric admission, covenant, standing, practice, trail smelter, nancial implication, wolfrum means, compliance control, systematically practised, individual, european communities, doc, wates ngos, force, nuclear, question, unece orgenvlrtap, hazardous wastes, constructive dialogue, dispute, decision, nuclear safety, self-contained regimes, chemical weapons, ha, strategic partnership, toope persuasion, implementation, council, dprks denial, note, security, jutta brunne, river oder, regime, jan klabbers, member, fact, ibid, toxin weapons, explosive remnant, actio popularis, mop, united, compliance, law, provide, managerial school, scheinin chapter, consideration, bacteriological methods, sodium cyanide