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This page intentionally left blank The Global Climate System Patterns Processes and Teleconnections Over the last 20 years developments in climatology have provided an amazing array of explanations for the pattern of world climates. This textbook examines the Earth’s climate systems in light of this incredible growth in data availability, data retrieval systems, and satellite and computer applications. It considers regional climate anomalies, developments in teleconnections, unusual sequences of recent climate change, and human impacts on the climate system. The physical climate forms the main part of the book but social and economic aspects of the global climate system are also considered. This textbook has been derived from the authors’ extensive experience of teaching climatology and atmospheric science. Each chapter contains an essay by a specialist in the field to enhance the understanding of selected topics. An extensive bibliography and lists of websites are included for further study. This textbook will be invaluable to advanced students of climatology and atmospheric science. Howard A. Bridgman is currently a Conjoint Professor at the University of Newcastle, Australia, having retired as an Associate Professor in February 2005. He has held visiting scientist positions at Indiana University USA the University of East Anglia UK the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA the Atmospheric Environment Service Canada and the Illinois State Water Survey USA. He has written edited or contributed to eleven other books on subjects including air pollution applied climatology and climates of the Southern Hemisphere. He has published many articles in the field’s leading journals. John E. Oliver was educated in England and the United States obtaining his Ph.D. at Columbia University where he served on the faculty before joining Indiana State University. Prior to his appointment as Emeritus Professor he was Professor of Physical Geography and Director of the University Climate Laboratory at Indiana State. He also served as Department Chairperson and Associate Dean of Arts and Sciences. He has published twelve books and his work on applied climatology and historic climates has appeared in a wide range of journals. He was founding editor with Antony Orme of the journal Physical Geography for which until recently he served as editor for climatology. In 1998 he was awarded the first Lifetime Achievement Award from the Climatology Group of the Association of American Geographers. The Global Climate System Patterns Processes and Teleconnections Howard A. Bridgman School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle, Australia John E. Oliver Department of Geography Geology and Anthropology Indiana State University, USA With contributions from Michael Glantz National Center for Atmospheric Research USA Randall Cerveny Arizona State University USA Robert Allan Hadley Centre UK Paul Mausel Indiana State University USA Dengsheng Lu Indiana University USA Nelson Dias Universidade de Taubate Brazil Brian Giles University of Birmingham UK Gerd Wendler University of Alaska USA Gregory Zielinski University of Maine USA Sue Grimmond Indiana University USA and King’s College London UK Stanley Changnon University of Illinois USA William Lau NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Cambridge Cambridge New York Melbourne Madrid Cape Town Singapore São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org 9780521826426 © H. Bridgman and J. Oliver 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2006 © H. Bridgman and J. Oliver-2006 eBook (EBL) © H. Bridgman and J. Oliver-2006 eBook (EBL) © H. Bridgman and J. Oliver-2006 hardback © H. Bridgman and J. Oliver-2006 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of contributors Preface List of abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 The climate system 1.2 Patterns processes and teleconnections 1.3 Essay Problem climates or problem societies (Glantz) 1.4 Examples of general climate websites 1.5 References 2 Oscillations and teleconnections 2.1 History and definitions 2.2 The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 2.3 The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 2.4 The Pacific North American Oscillation (PNA) 2.5 The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) 2.6 The Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) 2.7 The Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) 2.8 Essay ENSO and related teleconnections (Allan) 2.9 Examples of oscillations and teleconnections websites 2.10 References 3 Tropical climates 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The climate controls 3.3 Essay The Quasi-biennial Oscillation and tropical climate variations (Cerveny) 3.4 Human activities and problem climates in the tropics 3.5 Essay Remote sensing of Amazonia deforestation and vegetation regrowth inputs to climate change research (Mausel, Lu and Dias) 3.6 Chapter summary 3.7 Examples of tropical climates websites 3.8 References 4 Middle-latitude climates 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data availability 4.3 Essay Reanalysis (Giles) 4.4 Using reanalysis 4.5 The Northern Hemisphere 4.6 Mid-latitude circulation and teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere 4.7 Chapter summary 4.8 Examples of mid-latitude websites 4.9 References 5 Climate of the polar realms 5.1 Introduction (Wendler) 5.2 Essay Antarctic climate (Wendler) 5.3 Upper air circulation and wind 5.4 Surface pressure variations 5.5 Cyclogenesis and cyclonicity 5.6 Antarctic climate and ENSO 5.7 Polar night jet and stratospheric ozone depletion 5.8 Essay Arctic Climate (Wendler) 5.9 Arctic general circulation 5.10 Surface pressure and wind 5.11 Extra-tropical cyclones 5.12 Polar night jet and stratospheric ozone depeletion 5.13 Concerns about future warming 5.14 Chapter summary 5.15 Examples of polar websites 5.16 References 6 Post-glacial climatic change and variability 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Determining past climate through the use of proxies 6.3 Essay Post-glacial climates in the Northern Hemisphere (Zielinski) 6.4 Southern Hemisphere climate reconstructions 6.5 Chapter summary 6.6 Examples of paleoclimate websites 6.7 References 7 Urban impacts on climate 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Highlights in the history of urban climate research 7.3 Essay Variability of urban climates (Grimmond) 7.4 Wind cloud cover and pressure 7.5 Urban canyons 7.6 Moisture and precipitation 7.7 Effects of air pollution 7.8 Remote sensing and the UHI 7.9 Mitigation of the UHI 7.10 Chapter summary 7.11 Examples of urban websites 7.12 References 8 Human response to climate change 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Viking settlements in Greenland AD 800–1450 8.3 Climate change and adaptation in Europe during the Little Ice Age 8.4 Essay Economic impacts of climate conditions in the United States (Changnon) 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Examples of climate and history websites 8.7 References 9 Essay Model interpretation of climate signals an application to Asian monsoon climate (Lau) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 A climate model primer 9.3 Modeling the Asian monsoon climate 9.4 Future challenges 9.5 Acknowledgement 9.6 Examples of climate modeling websites 9.7 References 10 Conclusions and the future of climate research 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Understanding the global climate system 10.3 The importance of communication 10.4 References Other books on climatology and the climate system Index The color plates are situated between pages 170 and 171 Contributors Michael Glantz is a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA and is an expert on climate change impacts on society and lifestyle. Robert Allan is a senior scientist at the Hadley Centre Met Office United Kingdom and is an expert on El Ninño–Southern Oscillation its teleconnections and its climate impacts. Randall Cerveny is a Professor in Geography at Arizona State University Phoenix Arizona USA and is an expert on tropical circulations and climates of South America. Paul Mausel is a Professor at Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA and is an expert on remote sensing and interpretations of biospheric and atmospheric changes from satellite data. Dengsheng Lu is a research scientist in the Center for the Study of Institutions Population and Environmental Change at Indiana University and is an expert in remote sensing. Nelson Dias is a research associate at the Universidade de Taubate in Brazil and researches changes to the Amazon rainforest using remote sensing techniques. Brian Giles is a retired Professor from the School of Geography Geology and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham UK Ключевые слова: e, r, o