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The Economy of the Earth, Second Edition Mark Sagoff draws on the last twenty years of debate over the foundations of environmentalism in this comprehensive revision of The Economy of the Earth. Posing questions pertinent to consumption, cost-benefit analysis, the normative implications of neo-Darwinism, the role of natural history, and the centrality of the concept of place in environmental ethics, he analyzes social policy in relation to the environment, pollution, the workplace, and public safety and health. Sagoff distinguishes ethical from economic questions and explains which kinds of concepts, arguments, and processes are appropriate to each. He offers a critique of "preference" and "willingness to pay" as measures of value in environmental economics and defends political, cultural, aesthetic, and ethical reasons to protect the natural environment. Mark Sagoff directs and is a Senior Research Scholar at the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy in the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park. The author of Price, Principle and the Environment (2004), he has published widely in journals of law, philosophy, and the environment. Dr. Sagoff was named a Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment in 1991 and was a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in 1998. He is also a Fellow of the Hastings Center and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Economy of the Earth Philosophy, Law, and the Environment Second Edition MARK SAGOFF Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy University of Maryland CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York Melbourne Madrid Cape Town Singapore São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building Cambridge CB2 8RU UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org 9780521867559 © Mark Sagoff 1988, 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-37856-0 ISBN-13 978-0-521-86755-9 ISBN-13 978-0-521-68713-3 eBook (NetLibrary) hardback paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For my father who gave me my first copy of Thoreau’s Walden Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 At the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima or Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic 3 The Allocation and Distribution of Resources 4 Values and Preferences 5 Can We Put a Price on Nature’s Services? 6 Do We Consume Too Much? 7 Is an Environmental Ethic Compatible with Biological Science? 8 Settling America or the Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics 9 Natural and National History 10 Environmentalism: Death and Resurrection Notes Index Ключевые слова: julian simon, todays car, global, pollution, pay, man, concept, quotation, endangered species, random mutation, replacement level, neo-darwinian biology, washington post, joel myerson, global level, gunnar myrdal, vice versa, service, doubling times, lowest level, normative, john stuart, idea, zero-sum game, community, national, food, global warming, fact, public finance, problem, turner andrew, welfare, notes, causal determinism, institutional arrangement, david gelernter, economy, science, mace vaughan, bene?t, individual, rural estate, resource, biodiversity, political, aesthetic, foreign policy, land, sierra club, life, moral, washington, america, environmental movement, technical constraints, university, york simon, tropical forest, robert, pew initiative, free, great plains, earth, york, belief, citty vpon, peter leeson, consumer, view, york library, sense, public affairs, god, forest, wtp, theory, york norton, ecological, social, gertrude stein, georgia forestland, goal, apocalyptic narrative, le, donald worster, ethical, glen martin, technology, environmentalist, good, thought, economy earth, specie, worlds fisheries, population, york scribner, question, kind, reason, expressive signicance, wilderness, larry ruff, expensive, ecological crisis, jbs, environment, ecosystem, press, cost, york knopf, york times, natures services, development, wa, maine woods, eternal ordinances, price, preference, doe, anyones guess, term, change, principle, economist, ronald bailey, ha, people, edwards, authoritarian rejection, person, gift outright, environmental ethic, environmentalism, global ageing, university press, wild salmon, approach, conceptual construct, farrel richard, law, pleven brian, great, chapter, scienti?c, market, injunctive relief, gordon tullock, aldo leopold, great automaton, river, growth, james buchanan, nature, measure, james salzman, karl marx, kingsley davis, earlier eradication, immense booty, scott fitzgerald, york mcgraw-hill, cotton mather, policy, highest bidder, analysis, respect, point, douglas maclean, power, magazine march, work, york vintage, high priests, argument, recreational vehicle, natural, economic, old-growth forest, place, york wiley, cost-benet analysis, gene pool, uncontrolled multiplication, environmental, john, everlasting ordinances, great transformation, cancer-curing drug, environmental conservation, ivory-billed woodpecker, year, national academy, society, public, future, history, time, conservation, procrustean bed, environmental goals, social amplication, ibid, american religious, alan randall, alois stutzer, purpose, ecologist, economics, united, frederic clements, human, american, consume, energy