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The Oceans and Climate, Second Edition The oceans are an integral and important part of the climate system. The Oceans and Climate introduces multi-disciplinary controls on air–sea interaction—physical, chemical, and biological—and shows how these interact. It demonstrates how the ocean contributes to, and is affected by, climate processes on timescales from seasonal to millennial and longer. Past, present, and future relationships between the ocean and climate are discussed. The new edition of this successful textbook has been completely updated throughout with extensive new material on thermohaline processes in the ocean and their link to both abrupt climate change and longer term climate change. This comprehensive textbook on the ocean–climate system will prove an ideal course and reference book for undergraduate and graduate students studying earth and environmental sciences, oceanography, meteorology, and climatology. The book will also be useful for students and teachers of geography, physics, chemistry, and biology. Grant R. Bigg is Professor of Earth System Science at the Department of Geography, University of Sheffield. He was Editor of the Royal Meteorological Society’s magazine Weather from 1998 to 2003 and has served on the Council of the Society. He has published over seventy peer-reviewed papers and contributed to popular science magazines such as The Geographical Magazine. The Oceans and Climate Second Edition GRANT R. BIGG Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Contents: Preface to the First Edition 1 The climate system 2 Physical interaction between the ocean and atmosphere 3 Chemical interaction of the atmosphere and ocean Further Reading: Phanerozoic. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 274pp. Graham N.E., W.B. White (1988): The El Ninño cycle: a natural oscillator of the Pacific Ocean–atmosphere system. Science, 240, 1293-1302. Han Y.-J. (1988): Modelling and simulation of the general circulation of the ocean. In Physically-based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, ed. M.E. Schlesinger. Kluwer (Dordrecht), pp. 465-508. Haq B.U., F.W.B. Van Eysinga (1987): Geological Time Chart. Elsevier (Amsterdam). Hartmann D.L. (1994): Global Physical Climatology. Academic Press (San Diego), 411pp. Harvey J.G. (1985): Atmosphere and Ocean: Our Fluid Environment. Artemis (London), 143pp. Hide R., J.O. Dickey (1991): Earth’s variable rotation. Science, 253, 629-37. Horel J.D., J.M. Wallace (1981): Planetary scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the interannual variability of sea-surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 813-29. Houghton J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.) (1990): Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 365pp. Houghton J.T., B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney (eds.) (1992): Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 200pp. Houghton J.T., Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C.A. Johnson (eds.) (2001): Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 881pp. Howell D.G. (1993): Tectonics of Suspect Terranes. Chapman and Hall (London), 232pp. Imbrie J., J.D. Hays, D.G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, A.C. Mix, J.J. Mauley, N.G. Pisias, W.L. Prell, and N.J. Shackleton (1984): The orbital theory of climate – support from a revised chronology of the marine 18O record. In Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing, ed. A.Berger. Reidel (Dordrecht), pp. 269-305. James D.A., I. Simmonds (1993): A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Climate Dynamics, 9, 131-45. Jenkins W.J. (1988): The use of anthropogenic tritium and helium-3 to study subtropical gyre ventilation and circulation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 325, 43-61. Jerlov N.G. (1976): Optical Oceanography. Elsevier (Amsterdam), 194pp. Kiehl J.T., K.E. Trenberth (1997): Earth’s annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 78, 197-208. Bibliography: King J.C., and J. Turner (1997): Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 409pp. Lalli C.M., T.R. Parsons (1997): Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann (Oxford), 319pp. Lamb H.H. (1977): Climates of the Past, Present and Future, Volumes I and II. Methuen (London). Lehman S.J., L.D. Keigwin (1992): Sudden changes in North Atlantic circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature, 356, 757-62. Levitus S., R. Burgett, T.P. Boyer (1982): World Ocean Atlas, Volume 4: Temperature. NOAA (Washington, DC). Ludlam F.H. (1980): Clouds and Storms: The Behaviour and Effect of Water in the Atmosphere. Pennsylvania State University Press (Philadelphia), 405pp. Maier-Reimer E., U. Mikolajewicz (1990): Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiment with an open central American isthmus. Paleoceanogr., 5, 349-66. Manahan S.E. (1990): Environmental Chemistry, 4th edition. Lewis (New York), 612pp. Mann K.H., J.R.N. Lazier (1991): Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems. Blackwell (Oxford), 466pp. Mann M.E., R.S. Bradley, M.K. Hughes (1999): Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties and limitations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759-62. Mason B.J. (1971): The Physics of Clouds, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 671pp. Mauritzen C. (1996): Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge. 1. Evidence for a revised circulation scheme. Deep-Sea Res. I, 43, 769-806. McIlveen R. (1992): Fundamentals of Weather and Climate. Chapman and Hall (London), 497pp. Oberhuber J.M. (1988): Atlas of COADS Data. Max-Planck Institute (Hamburg). Oort A.H. (1983): Global atmospheric circulation statistics 1958–73. NOAA Prof. Paper No. 14, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC. Oort A.H. (1988): Climate observations and diagnostics. In Physically-based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, ed. M.E. Schlesinger. Kluwer (Dordrecht), 813-40. Open University Course Team (1989): Ocean Circulation. Pergamon Press (Oxford), 238pp. Other titles in chemistry, waves and sediments also exist. Owens N.J.P., C.S. Law, R.F.C. Mantoura, P.H. Burkill, C.A. Llewellyn (1986): Nature, 354, 293-5. Parrish J.M., J.T. Parrish, A.M. Ziegler (1986): Permian–Tertiary paleogeography and paleoclimatology and implications for therapsid distribution. In The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles, eds. 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