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_'This page intentionally left blank', 'International Environmental Law', 'This book analyzes the law and policy for the management of global common resources. As competing demands on the global commons are increasing, the protection of the environment and the pursuit of growth give rise to all sorts of conflicts. The book analyzes issues in the protection of the global commons from fairness, effectiveness, and world order perspectives. The author examines whether current policy making and future trends point to a fair allocation of global common resources that will be effective in protecting the environment and in the pursuit of sustainable development. The author looks at the cost-effectiveness of international environmental law and applies theories of national environmental law to international environmental problems. Chapters include analysis of areas such as marine pollution, air pollution, fisheries management, transboundary water resources, biodiversity, hazardous and radioactive waste management, state responsibility, and liability.', 'Elli Louka is the founder of Alphabetics Development & Investment (ADI), a company devoted to environment and development. Louka was a Senior Fellow at the Orville H. Schell Center for International Human Rights at Yale Law School and a Ford Foundation Fellow at New York University School of Law. Dr. Louka is currently the recipient of a Marie Curie Fellowship provided by the European Commission of the European Union. Other selected publications by Dr. Louka include Conflicting Integration: The Environmental Law of the European Union (2004), Biodiversity and Human Rights (2002), and Overcoming National Barriers to International Waste Trade (1994).', 'International Environmental Law', 'Fairness, Effectiveness, and World Order', 'Elli Louka', 'Cambridge University Press Cambridge New York Melbourne Madrid Cape Town Singapore São Paulo', 'Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org 9780521868129', '© Elli Louka 2006', 'This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.', 'First published in print format 2006', 'isbn-13 978-0-511-24967-9 eBook (EBL) isbn-10 0-511-24967-5 eBook (EBL)', 'isbn-13 978-0-521-86812-9 hardback isbn-10 0-521-86812-2 hardback', 'isbn-13 978-0-521-68759-1 paperback isbn-10 0-521-68759-4 paperback', 'Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.', 'Contents', 'Foreword by W. Michael Reisman', 'page xi', 'Abbreviations', 'xiii', 'Introduction 1', 'Chapter 1 Introduction to International Environmental Law 5', '1 The World Community and International Law 5', '1.1 International Law 5', '1.2 States 6', '1.2.1 Sovereignty 6', '1.2.2 Wealth 6', '1.2.3 Cooperation 7', '1.3 International Organizations 11', '1.4 Nongovernmental Actors 16', '2 International Lawmaking Process 20', '2.1 Treaties 21', '2.2 Custom 23', '2.3 Principles of Law 24', '2.4 Other Sources 25', '2.5 Content 25', '3 Perspectives 27', '3.1 Developed Countries 27', '3.2 Developing Countries 28', '4 Historical Evolution 30', '4.1 Stockholm 30', '4.2 Rio 32', '4.3 Johannesburg 35', '4.4 From Stockholm to Johannesburg 38', '4.5 Case Law 39', '5 Globalization and International Law 47', 'vi Contents', '6 Principles 49', '6.1 Sovereignty over Natural Resources 49', '6.2 Obligation Not to Cause Damage 50', '6.3 Principles of Preventive Action and Precaution 50', '6.4 Polluter Pays Principle and Equitable Sharing of Cost 51', '6.5 Sustainable Development 52', '6.6 Equitable Utilization 53', '6.7 Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 54', '6.8 Human Rights 54', '7 Settlement of Disputes 55', '8 Monitoring and Enforcement 57', 'Chapter 2 Foundations of International Environmental Law 59', '1 Functions of Law 59', '2 Foundations 65', '2.1 Minimum Order 66', '2.2 Equity 67', '2.3 Effectiveness as Equity 70', '2.4 Cost-Effectiveness 73', '3 Regulation of Natural Resources 75', '4 Enclosure of National Commons 78', '5 Enclosure of Global Commons 80', '5.1 Fisheries 81', '5.2 Deep Sea-Bed Resources 83', '5.3 Germplasm and Related Knowledge 86', '5.4 Freshwater Resources 88', '5.5 Air 89', '5.6 Seas 91', '5.7 Waste Management 92', '5.8 National Biodiversity Resources 93', '6 Enclosure of Global Commons and Global Welfare 95', '7 International Instruments 108', '8 Conclusion 111', 'Chapter 3 Compliance and Governance Mechanisms 114', '1 Environmental and Strategic Impact Assessment 114', '2 State Obligations 120', '2.1 Exchange of Information 121', '2.2 Notification 122', '2.3 Consultation 123', '2.4 Reporting Monitoring 124', 'Contents vii', '3 Verification and Compliance 510', 'Index Nuclear power (cont.) reactors and, 126 regulatory authorities, 436 safety and, 436 sea disposal of wastes, 142 self-defense and, 45 terrorism and, 435–436 testing. See Nuclear Tests cases Vienna Convention and, 464 wastes. See radioactive wastes weapons, 142, 428 WHO and, 45', 'Nuclear Tests cases, 46, 469 Australia and, 46, 47 erga omnes obligation, 46, 475 France and, 46, 474 Marshall Islands and, 469 New Zealand and, 46, 47', 'Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 438 NWPA. See Nuclear Waste Policy Act', 'OAS. See Organization of American States OAU. See Organization of African Unity oceans, 62, 91, 104', 'Baltic sea, 162 Behring Sea Seals cases, 251–252 chemical carcinogens, 142 coastal wastes, 147, 148 coastal zone management, 168 deep sea-bed resources, 83 dumping and, 104, 147, 148 ecosystem approach to, 37 enclosure and, 112. See also enclosure evolution of international instruments,', '146 fisheries and, 26, 81. See fisheries groundwater and, 144 heavy metals, 143 hydrocarbons and, 143 incineration and, 150, 152, 162 integrated coastal zone management,', '144 land-based sources of pollution, 92, 108, 147,', '154, 161 marine environment, 141 marine mammals, 251–252 marine pollution, 108 mining, 146, 147 North East Atlantic, 161 oil pollution, 143 platforms, 150 pollution from vessels, 143 radioactive wastes and, 142 regional seas regimes, 163 sewage and, 50, 150, 153 shipping and, 92, 104 South East Pacific, 258 sovereignty is limited, 149', 'UNCLOS and, 250. See UNCLOS VOCs and, 143 See specific organizations, topics, cases Oder case, 43, 53, 185, 187, 233 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development oil', 'Bunkers’ Liability Convention, 456 chemical wastes, 157 eliminate rather than control, 155 Fund Convention, 453 hydrocarbons and, 143 Liability Convention, 453 oceans and, 143 Oil Pollution Funds, 450 polluter pays principle, 448, 449, 479, 481 pollution and, 143, 155, 450, 451 shipping, 143, 451. See also shipping voluntary compensation schemes, 451 on-site inspections, 126 open access systems, 87, 97 opinio juris principle, 23 OPRC Convention. See Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM), 204 ORASECOM. See Orange-Senqu River Commission organic pollutants, 165 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 15, 436 Basel Convention and, 432 disposal facilities, 152 EIAs and, 118–119 industrial waste dumping, 152 Nuclear Energy Agency, 436 red list procedure, 433 waste transfers, 433 Organization of African Unity, 15, 327, 419 Organization of American States, 15, 148, 149 Oslo Convention, 153 OSPAR case, 136 OSPAR Convention, 226 Baltic, 162 HELCOM, 162 Ireland, 137, 138 polluter pays principle, 161 precautionary principle, 161 UK, 138 OSPAR. See Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic Convention Our Common Future. See Brundtland Report ozone, 38, 90, 343, 350–351, 375, 381 air pollution, 387 black markets, 111 climate change and. See climate change', 'Index', '511', 'depleting substances (ODS), 121–122, 156, 344, 345, 346, 347', 'hole, 20 incentives and, 103 Kaldor-Hicks criterion, 75 Kyoto Protocol and. See Kyoto Protocol layer, 61–62, 102 protection of, 26–27, 30, 346 protocols for, 108 self-monitoring, 353 Vienna Convention and, 346 Vietnam Convention and, 344', 'Pacific islands, 151, 272, 275 pacta sunt servanda rule, 21–22, 66, 68 PAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan, 177, 212–213 Palestinians, 222 Panama, 255 PAP. See Priorities Action Programme paper trails, 249 Papua New Guinea, 167, 295 parallel imports, 407 parallel systems, 63 Pareto optimality, 72, 87, 100 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 153, 401, 404 patent system, 399', 'compulsory licensing, 406 Cooperation Treaty, 401 developing countries and, 404 international classification, 402 Patent Law Treaty, 401 property rights regime, 99 technology and, 405 TRIPs Agreement and, 405, 407, 413 PCBs. See polychlorinated biphenyls PCIJ. See Permanent Court of International Justice peace, international law and, 66, 67, 73 Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), 56, 137, 233 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 5, 185–186 Persian Gulf, 143 persistent organic pollutants, 102, 165, 375, 379 persons, trafficking of, 60 pesticides, 25–26, 143, 149, 162 PGR. See plant genetic resources pharmaceuticals, 37, 409', 'developing countries and, 49 Doha Declaration, 410 health and, 409 intellectual property, 409 patenting, 409, 410 TRIPs and, 410, 421 phosphates, 143, 471 PIC Procedure. See Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent', 'Piggs Peak Agreement, 205 plant genetic resources, 61, 64, 86, 87, 97', 'agriculture and, 311, 413 ASEAN Agreement and, 332 biotechnology and, 97 enclosure and, 97–98' Ключевые слова: organization, intellectual, property, provision, nuclear weapons, infra, party, eu ha, european union, international instruments, international rice, transboundary watercourses, developing country, london adjustments, costa rica, methyl bromide, implementation, courts reasoning, steinar andersen, law, art art, transfer, general, convention, international lawyer, marine mammals, transnational movements, hazardous, marine turtles, disposal, environment, human, northeast atlantic, international arena, issue, lihir goldmine, worth noting, chapter, atmospheric testing, nitrogen oxides, european communities, international watercourses, regime, water, rule, provide, regulation, involuntary resettlement, river, pollution, waste, command-and-control character, nitrogen oxide, tropical rainforest, annex, solomon islands, power, transboundary movements, maria stavropoulou, resource, established, decision, illegal unreported, case, para, agreement, main contributor, global civilization, international, development, fresh chilled, protection, rio grande, dispute, international regimes, land-based sources, transboundary shipments, indigenous peoples, measure, transboundary fluxes, ?sheries, continental shelf, gaor supp, instrument, liability, middle east, itay fischhendler, international environmental, kloppenburg, cost, differentiated responsibilities, jurisdictional overlap, air, plant, trade, long-term financing, article, vice versa, compliance, soviet union, mancur olson, court, resources, tijuana rivers, iii, great lakes, intellectual property, deep ecology, common, lord lloyd, art, natural, internal displacement, problem, biosphere reserve, enforcement, critical load, developing, international law, damage, tribal peoples, level, public, impartial body, control, inter alia, treaty, fishery resources, green gold, instance, supra note, number, arbitral body, principle, management, commission, incremental costs, supra, emission, regional instruments, maritime claims, national, biodiversity, migratory species, purpose, access, fund, compensation, demanding, include, stricto sensu, marine, economic, project, faroe islands, ha, imminent peril, vessel, marshall islands, radioactive, slender-billed curlew, international union, united, requirement, executive body, based, standard, year, body, ozone layer, russian federation, enclosure, activity, initial outlay, protocol, area, global, halving, allocation, appellate body, water-riots lessons, anthropocentric character, wa, gene banks, genetic resources, ?shing, ilm, louka, substance, term, change, global welfare, fisheries, transboundary, socialist ideal, loukas, accompanying citation, environmental, regional, industry, country, nuclear reactor, region, sui generis, developed, ground-level ozone, basin, southeast atlantic, sea, note, denounced, nuclear, debt-for-nature swap, equity, equitable, park ranger, carbon dioxide, tropical timber, conservation