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"Interactive Student Edition", Level Blue This furnace is used in the production of steel. Steel is formed by heating molten iron and scrap steel at 1550°C. The Grand Canyon was formed by over one billion years of erosion. These tropical fish are found in waters that maintain a constant temperature between 70°C and 78°C. Color may give these fish a way to communicate with or attract mates. Copyright (c) 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society's Education Division. Copyright (c) National Geographic Society. The name "National Geographic Society" and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. The "Science and Society" and the "Science and History" features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine. TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-877810-0 MHID: 0-07-877810-7 Printed in the United States of America. Contents In Brief: Humans and Heredity. 2 Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. 4 Chapter 2 Traits and How They Change. 36 Chapter 3 Interactions of Human Systems. 62 Ecology. 90 Chapter 4 Interactions of Life. 92 Chapter 5 The Nonliving Environment. 120 Chapter 6 Ecosystems. 148 Earth's Changes over Time. 178 Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics. 180 Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 208 Chapter 9 Clues to Earth's Past. 240 Chapter 10 Geologic Time. 270 Earth's Place in the Universe. 302 Chapter 11 The Sun-Earth-Moon System. 304 Chapter 12 The Solar System. 334 Chapter 13 Stars and Galaxies. 368 Chemistry of Matter. 400 Chapter 14 Inside the Atom. 402 Chapter 15 The Periodic Table. 432 Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds. 462 Chapter 17 Chemical Reactions. 490 Motion, Forces, and Energy. 518 Chapter 18 Motion and Momentum. 520 Chapter 19 Force and Newton's Laws. 548 Chapter 20 Work and Simple Machines. 578 Chapter 21 Thermal Energy. 606 Physical Interactions. 632 Chapter 22 Electricity. 634 Chapter 23 Magnetism. 664 Chapter 24 Waves, Sound, and Light. 692 Ключевые слова: magnet, speed, material, krafftexplorerphoto researchers, answer, cm, grados kelvin, player, siupeter arnold, surface, read, mass, law, materia, charge, beth waldimagestate, wainscoatpeter arnold, matt meadows, scientist, time, jelly bean, proxima centauri, circuit, getty images, mount baker, water, centmetros cbicos, ferraraphoto researchers, group, electric shock, volcano, plate, wa, reaction, layer, life, aaron haupt, continental drift, myrleen catephotoedit, answer question, identify, place, dwight kuhn, apply, earth, environment, determine, ha, superficie, albert einstein, electron, olympus mons, element, experiment, grazing cow, problem, studios, artificial selection, specie, una especie, analysis, distance, electric discharge, bovaphoto researchers, day, appalachian mountains, amanita pictures, blue, photo, process, manipulate variables, model, science, hamiltongetty images, lab, moving, dan mccoyrainbowpicturequest, form, magnetic, estn adaptados, earthquake, ball, microscopic roughness, change, consiste, measure, sound, planet, bryce canyon, lee snidercorbis, heinigerphoto researchers, molecule, record, compare, light, copleyvisuals unlimited, bob daemmrich, la, white dwarf, livers conversion, people, en, historia, swollen nodule, actan sobre, solar, fossil, krasemannpeter arnold, hms beagle, moon, doe, msscience, blue msscience, lockwoodbruce coleman, baking soda, hawaiian islands, field, metal, table, temperature, gibsonvisuals unlimited, nucleus, food, data, homo sapiens, carnegie institution, luna, car, ted streshinkycorbis, number, year, heat, stonegetty images, tom wrightcorbis, cell, atmsfera, point, air, chapter, space, step, area, hernandez, result, chemical, cantidad, current, thermal energy, arndtvisuals unlimited, webbervisuals unlimited, doug martin, extreme dryness, check, phototake nycpicturequest, work, wave, level, materials, force, carbon, rock, cm cm, grand canyon, tierra, statement, human, major subdivision, direction, periodic flooding, paper, leglike fin, au, checked carefully, secuencia principal, write, organism, pay attention, animal, gas, harry hess, maslowskiphoto researchers, concert hall, una comunidad, negatively charged, alan pitcairn, doug menuezphotodisc, icon images, type, kentearth scenes, ancient egyptians, question, alexandervisuals unlimited, plant, mitad, motion, lunar orbiters, achim zschau, energy, lorenzphoto researchers, richard hutchings, thermal, population, transicin interna, star, particle, electric, electrically charged, atom, sun, geoff butler, explain, viven, procedure, body, graph, grant heilman, soil, object