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PhotoDisc From Bacteria to Plants Lichens and club fungi are growing on the bark of this tree. In some cases, the two organisms that make up a lichen can live separately but look very different than the lichen. Club fungi are saprobes, which play a vital role in the decomposition of litter, wood, and dung. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society. The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine. TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-861737-5 Printed in the United States of America. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 027 055 09 08 07 06 05 04 PhotoDisc Education Division Washington, D.C. Authors: Alton Biggs Biology Teacher Allen High School Allen, TX Dinah Zike Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc. San Antonio, TX Content: Michael A. Hoggarth, PhD Department of Life and Earth Sciences Otterbein College Westerville, OH Jerome A. Jackson, PhD Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Program Director Center for Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Meyers, FL Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD Department of Science Math Marymount Manhattan College New York, NY Series Consultants: Dominic Salinas, PhD Middle School Science Supervisor Caddo Parish Schools Shreveport, LA Math: Teri Willard, EdD Mathematics Curriculum Writer Belgrade, MT Reading: Elizabeth Babich Special Education Teacher Mashpee Public Schools Mashpee, MA Safety: Sandra West, PhD Department of Biology Texas State University-San Marcos San Marcos, TX Activity Testers: Nerma Coats Henderson Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High School Pickerington, OH Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka William D. Slider Middle School El Paso, TX Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda, NY Maureen Barrett Thomas E. Harrington Middle School Mt. Laurel, NJ Cory Fish Burkholder Middle School Henderson, NV Series Reviewers: Linda V. Forsyth Retired Teacher Merrill Middle School Denver, CO Amy Morgan Berry Middle School Hoover, AL Dee Stout Penn State University University Park, PA Why do I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and not understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything in class but got stuck on how to answer a question at home? Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff? These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for. Besides a paperweight! Before You Read: ? Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the science you will be learning about. The Chapter Preview will give you an idea of what you will be learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to help get your brain headed in the right direction. The Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized. ? Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first page of each section will let you know what is most important in the section. It is divided into four parts: What You’ll Learn, Why It’s Important, Review Vocabulary word, and New Vocabulary words. Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section. As You Read: ? Headings Each section has a title in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and small red titles at the beginnings of some paragraphs. To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings. ? Margins In the margins of your text, you will find many helpful resources: Science Online exercises and Integrate activities help you explore the topics you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the science concepts you have learned. ? Building Skills You also will find an Applying Math or Applying Science activity in each chapter. This gives you extra practice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests. ? Student Resources At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies: Science, Technology, and Math Skill Handbooks, English Spanish Glossary, Index. Also, use your Foldables as a resource. It will help you organize information and review before a test. ? In Class Remember, you can always ask your teacher to explain anything you don’t understand. Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter. STEP 1: Fold a vertical sheet of notebook paper from side to side. STEP 2: Cut along every third line of only the top layer to form tabs. STEP 3: Label each tab with a vocabulary word from the chapter. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn the definitions, write them under the tab for each vocabulary word. Look For: At the beginning of every section. In Lab: Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the concepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory experiences and help you begin to think like a scientist. In it, you not only find the steps necessary to follow the investigations but also find helpful tips to make the most of your time. ? Each lab provides you with a Real-World Question to remind you that science is something you use every day, not just in class. This may lead to many more questions about how things happen in your world. ? Remember, experiments do not always produce the result you expect. Scientists have made many discoveries based on investigations with unexpected results. You can try the experiment again to make sure your results were accurate or perhaps form a new hypothesis to test. ? Keeping a Science Journal is how scientists keep accurate records of observations and data. In your journal, you also write any questions that may arise during your investigation. This is a great method of reminding yourself to find the answers later. Look For: Before a Test: Admit it! You don’t like to take tests! However, there are ways to review that make them less painful. Your book will help you be more successful taking tests if you use the resources provided to you. ? Review all of the New Vocabulary words and understand their definitions. ? Review the notes you’ve taken on your Foldables, in class, and in lab. Write down any questions still needing answers. ? Review Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section. ? Study concepts presented in the chapter by reading the Study Guide and answering questions in the Chapter Review. Look For: Reading Checks and caption questions throughout the text. Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section. Study Guide and Review at the end of each chapter. Standardized Test Practice after each chapter. Let’s Get Started: To help you find information quickly, use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter 1. What is the title of this chapter? What will you learn in Section 1? Sometimes you may ask, “Why am I learning this?” State a reason why the concepts from Section 2 are important. What is the main topic presented in Section 2? How many reading checks are in Section 1? What is the Web address where you can find extra information? What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2? There is an integration with another subject mentioned in one of the margins of the chapter. What subject is it? List new vocabulary words presented in Section 2. List safety symbols presented in the first Lab. Where would you find a Self Check to be sure you understand the section? Suppose you’re doing the Self Check and have a question about concept mapping. Where could you find help? On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review? Look in the Table of Contents to find out on which page Section 2 of the chapter begins. You complete the Chapter Review to study for your chapter test. Where could you find another quiz for more practice? viii PhotoDisc Teacher Advisory Board: The Teacher Advisory Board gave the editorial staff and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the development of the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science. John Gonzales Challenger Middle School Tucson, AZ Marie Renner Diley Middle School Pickerington, OH Rubidel Peoples Meacham Middle School Fort Worth, TX Rachel Shively Aptakisic Jr. High School Buffalo Grove, IL Nelson Farrier Hamlin Middle School Springfield, OR Kristi Ramsey Navas Ключевые слова: bookb, compost pile, magic dew, ocean vent, skill, baking soda, bacteria, function, adamsvisuals unlimited, doe, hodgepeter arnold, item, wet mount, researchers, answer, source, visuals, bright red, phillipsvisuals unlimited, microscope, vertical bar, chapter, place, grow, pollen, stay healthy, doubling rate, point, chemical, disease, fogdenbruce coleman, earth, process, reinhardokapiaphoto researchers, high-power objective, visuals unlimited, reproductive, positive phototropism, seedless reproduction, group, photosynthesis, seed, respiration, event, data, pecan tree, bundle scattered, identify, carbon dioxide, safety, produce, scientist, type, lightdependent reaction, number, reproduction, chlorophyll, starting quantity, methyl salicylate, water, compare, wall, produced, paper, leaf, table, energy, canumettevisuals unlimited, vascular tissue, una planta, procedure, dan mccoy, magnifying lens, kevin laubacherfpg, light-independent reaction, open, kentearth scenes, skill handbook, downy mildew, live, organism, la, ha, abscisic acid, female, griffithphoto researchers, step, cm, slime mold, oven mitt, gametophyte, los animales, avoid bias, plants, rotmanpeter arnold, independent variable, protist, grant heilman, rohb, field guide, fern, animals digestive, problem, fungi, layer, result, vascular, structure, fruit, plantas, change, manipulate variables, vascular bundle, practice, digestive tract, lab, tubelike cell, operational definition, photo, spider map, reproduce, pollen grain, question, soil, wa, parkerphoto researchers, scientific notation, msscience, algae, sex cell, food, stage, environment, melissa turk, prepared slide, cunninghamvisuals unlimited, citric acid, time, spore, reschkepeter arnold, word, animal, eukaryotic cell, science, observe, characteristic, alvarode leivaliaison, protozoan, root, moss, explain, cell wall, studios, bookb msscience, check, generalmente requiere, growth, day, unit, natural pesticide, asexual reproduction, hypothesis, blackbruce coleman, tree, light, photo researchers, central vacuole, genetic engineering, material, light-dependent reaction, teacher, plant, bovaphoto researchers, matt meadows, global network, cycle map, chapters content, green, list, step unfold, test, strep throat, handbook, muscle contraction, binomial nomenclature, year, palisade cell, carbon, dwight kuhn, oxygen, decaying log, los hongos, hojas, flower, experiment, cell, life, form, stem, substance, red tide, lightindependent reaction, editorial staff, sleeping sickness, bostracrvisuals unlimited, long, student, brown alga, fungus, multiply, strong odor, absorber agua, seedless, express, triple-beam balance, unlimited, area, specie