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Andrew Syred Science Photo Library Photo Researchers, * Life’s Structure and Function These human red blood cells are part of a liquid tissue—blood. They deliver oxygen and remove wastes. The protein hemoglobin gives them their red color and contains iron to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society. The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine. TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-861734-0 Printed in the United States of America. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 027 055 09 08 07 06 05 04 Authors: Alton Biggs, Biology Teacher Allen High School, Allen, TX Lucy Daniel, PhD, Teacher Consultant Rutherford County Schools, Rutherfordton, NC Dinah Zike, Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc., San Antonio, TX Content: Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD, Department of Science Math Marymount Manhattan College, New York, NY Dominic Salinas, PhD, Middle School Science Supervisor, Caddo Parish Schools Shreveport, LA Math: Teri Willard, EdD, Mathematics Curriculum Writer, Belgrade, MT Series Consultants: Elizabeth Babich, Special Education Teacher Mashpee Public Schools, Mashpee, MA Carol A. Senf, PhD, School of Literature, Communication, and Culture Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Safety: Sandra West, PhD, Department of Biology Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX Activity Testers: Nerma Coats Henderson Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High, School Pickerington, OH Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka William D. Slider Middle School, El Paso, TX Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda, NY Maureen Barrett Thomas E. Harrington Middle School, Mt. Laurel, NJ Robin Dillon Hanover Central High School, Cedar Lake, IN Carolyn Elliott South Iredell High School, Statesville, NC Sueanne Esposito Tipton High School, Tipton, IN Series Reviewers: Cory Fish Burkholder Middle School, Henderson, NV Linda V. Forsyth, Retired Teacher, Merrill Middle School Denver, CO Michelle Mazeika Whiting Middle School, Whiting, IN Joe McConnell Speedway Jr. High School, Indianapolis, IN Amy Morgan Berry Middle School, Hoover, AL Mark Sailer Pioneer Jr.-Sr. High School, Royal Center, IN Dee Stout Penn State University University Park, PA Why do I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and not understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything in class, but at home, got stuck on how to answer a question? Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff? These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for. Before You Read: - Chapter Opener: Science is occurring all around you. The opening photo of each chapter will preview the science you will be learning about. The Chapter Preview gives an idea of what you will learn, and you can try the Launch Lab to get your brain headed in the right direction. - Section Opener: Chapters are divided into two to four sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first page of each section highlights important information. It is divided into four parts: - What You’ll Learn tells major topics covered. - Why It’s Important reminds you why you’re studying this. - Review Vocabulary word is a familiar term from your science studies or prior knowledge. - New Vocabulary words are essential for understanding the section. As You Read: - Headings: Each section has a title in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and small red titles at the beginnings of some paragraphs. Make an outline of headings and subheadings to aid study. - Margins: Helpful resources include Science Online exercises and Integrate activities that explore topics you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce science concepts learned. - Building Skills: Each chapter includes Applying Math or Applying Science activity for extra practice using new knowledge, preparing for standardized tests. - Student Resources: At the end of the book, find Science, Technology, and Math Skill Handbooks, an English Spanish Glossary, and an Index. Use Foldables as a resource to organize information and review before a test. - In Class: Always ask your teacher if you don’t understand anything. Science Vocabulary: Make the following Foldable to help understand vocabulary terms in this chapter. 1. Fold a vertical sheet of notebook paper from side to side. 2. Cut along every third line of only the top layer to form tabs. 3. Label each tab with a vocabulary word from the chapter. 4. As you read, list vocabulary words on the tabs and write definitions under each. In Lab: - Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand concepts studied. Your book will guide through lab experiences, helping you think like a scientist. - Each lab provides a Real-World Question reminding that science is used daily, not just in class. - Remember, experiments may not always produce expected results. You can try again or form new hypotheses to test. - Keeping a Science Journal records observations and data accurately. Write questions arising during investigations. Before a Test: Review New Vocabulary words and their definitions. Review Foldables notes from class and lab. Write down unanswered questions. Review Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section. Study chapter concepts by reading the Study Guide and answering Chapter Review questions. Reading Checks, caption questions, Summaries, Self Check questions, Study Guide and Review, Standardized Test Practice are throughout the text. Let’s Get Started: Use Scavenger Hunt to learn where things are located in Chapter 1. - What is the title of this chapter? - What will you learn in Section 1? - Why are concepts from Section 2 important? - What is the main topic presented in Section 2? - How many reading checks are in Section 1? - What is the Web address for extra information? - What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2? - Which subject has an integration mentioned in one of the chapter’s margins? ix Ключевые слова: galpagos islands, sex, genetically engineered, rain forest, reference handbook, temporary storage, experiment, parent, unique identity, explain, walked upright, starting quantity, homo habilis, identify, substance, specie, test, editorial staff, grant heilman, chemical bond, cell membrane, operational definition, time, cm, relative dating, corn syrup, structure, genetic engineering, wa, researchers, mutation, chapter, step, answer question, doe, asexual reproduction, place, produce, austrian monk, radiometric dating, una clula, closest relative, c cc, fossil, change, ear hang, trait, passive transport, white bean, fresh pineapple, list, carbon dioxide, hypothesis, data, baking soda, common, egg, incomplete dominance, organism, chemical, phil roachipol, evolution, sugar-phosphate molecule, human, skill, handbook, living, answer, oxygen, procedure, koster-survivalanimals animals, litter box, lab, group, compound, degree celsius, vertical bar, function, division, human appendix, breathing fast, acid, cystic fibrosis, form, cycle map, magnetic field, difference, royminden pictures, downs syndrome, dwight kuhn, hereditary material, binomial nomenclature, life span, mitosis, booka, journal, area, discovering helpful, scientist, booka msscience, word, type, student, sexual reproduction, cells, fawcettphoto researchers, problem, cell, albino lemur, mendel, chromosome, life, nucleic acid, matt meadows, cells membrane, food, evolutionary history, photo researchers, archivo iconografico, abi prism, john evans, day, compare, dna, check, base, study, bacterial reproduction, scientific, element, people, sealed flask, divide evenly, unit, year, microscope, protein, carrot stick, material, phillipsvisuals unlimited, natural selection, msscience, animal, genetic, chapter exploring, theory, smith iii, write, observation, cytoplasm, dominic oldershaw, cunninghamvisuals unlimited, chapter adaptations, louis pasteur, outer covering, gene, chemical reaction, body, plant, light, genetic makeup, muscle contraction, express, practice, critical thinking, membrane, teacher, john fowler, bacteria, punctuated equilibrium, aaron haupt, lactic acid, characteristic, analysis, oliver meckese, genetics, vocabulary, safety, viral infection, meiosis, question, transport, science, clula, virus, work, result, photo, gemma giannini, melissa turk, molecule, cat, record, water, ha, nucleus, variation, raw material, reproduction, high-power objective, avoid bias, table, determine, canary islands, allele, mixed evenly, energy, simpler molecule, global network, multiply, skill handbook, variable, number, endoplasmic reticulum, process, scientific notation, folded membrane, inorganic compound, amino acid, la