Description:

_(tl)NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers, (tr)Billy & Sally Fletcher Tom Stack & Assoc., (b)Photodisc_, _Astronomy_, _This collection of images is of Jupiter, Io (one of its moons), Mars, and the Andromeda Galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy is the most distant object visible to the human eye. At a distance of 2.2 million light years, it appears as a fuzzy patch of light in the night sky._ _Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher._ _The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society. The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited._ _The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine. TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved._ _Send all inquiries to: Glencoe McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-861761-8 Printed in the United States of America. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 027 043 09 08 07 06 05 04_ _(tl)NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers, (tr)Billy & Sally Fletcher Tom Stack & Assoc., (b)Photodisc_, _Education Division Washington, D.C._ _Authors_ _Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhD_, _Science Department Chair Derry Area School District, Derry, PA_ _Dinah Zike_, _Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc., San Antonio, TX_ _Series Consultants_ _CONTENT SAFETY_ _William C. Keel, PhD Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL_ _MATH_ _Teri Willard, EdD Mathematics Curriculum Writer Belgrade, MT_ _READING_ _Carol A. Senf, PhD School of Literature, Communication, and Culture Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA_ _Aileen Duc, PhD Science 8 Teacher Hendrick Middle School Plano ISD, Plano, TX_ _Sandra West, PhD Department of Biology Texas State University-San Marcos San Marcos, TX_ _ACTIVITY TESTERS_ _Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka William D. Slider Middle School El Paso, TX_ _Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda, NY_ _Series Reviewers_ _Mary Ferneau Westview Middle School Goose Creek, SC_ _Annette D’Urso Garcia Kearney Middle School Commerce City, CO_ _Nerma Coats Henderson Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High School Pickerington, OH_ _Michael Mansour Board Member National Middle Level Science Teacher’s Association John Page Middle School Madison Heights, MI_ _Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka William D. Slider Middle School El Paso, TX_ _Sharon Mitchell William D. Slider Middle School El Paso, TX_ _Why do I need my science book?_ _Have you ever been in class and not understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything in class, but at home, got stuck on how to answer a question? Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff?_ _These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for. Besides a paperweight!_ _Before You Read_ _Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the science you will be learning about. The Chapter Preview will give you an idea of what you will be learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to help get your brain headed in the right direction. The Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized._ _Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first page of each section will let you know what is most important in the section. It is divided into four parts: What You’ll Learn, Why It’s Important, Review Vocabulary word, and New Vocabulary words. Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section._ _(bkgd)John Evans, (inset)(tl)NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers, (tr)Billy & Sally Fletcher Tom Stack & Assoc., (b)Photodisc_ _As You Read_ _Headings Each section has a title in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and small red titles at the beginnings of some paragraphs. To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings._ _Margins In the margins of your text, you will find many helpful resources: Science Online exercises and Integrate activities to explore topics, MiniLabs to reinforce science concepts learned, Applying Math or Applying Science activities for extra practice using new knowledge, Student Resources including Science, Technology, and Math Skill Handbooks, an English Spanish Glossary, and an Index. Use your Foldables as a resource to organize information and review before a test._ _In Class Remember, you can always ask your teacher to explain anything you don’t understand._ _Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter: STEP 1 Fold a vertical sheet of notebook paper from side to side. STEP 2 Cut along every third line of only the top layer to form tabs. STEP 3 Label each tab with a vocabulary word from the chapter. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs and write their definitions under each tab._ _Look For At the beginning of every section._ _In Lab_ _Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the concepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory experiences, helping you begin to think like a scientist. In it, you will find steps necessary to follow investigations and helpful tips to make the most of your time._ _Each lab provides a Real-World Question reminding you that science is something used every day, not just in class. Remember, experiments do not always produce expected results; scientists have made many discoveries based on unexpected results. You can try the experiment again or form a new hypothesis to test it. Keeping a Science Journal helps record observations and data accurately. Write any questions arising during your investigation in your journal._ _Look For_ _Before a Test_ _Admit it! You don’t like taking tests! However, there are ways to review that make them less painful. Your book will help you be more successful if you use the resources provided: Review New Vocabulary words and their definitions, notes on Foldables, in class, and lab; write down any unanswered questions; review Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section; study concepts by reading the Study Guide and answering Chapter Review questions._ _Look For Reading Checks and caption questions throughout the text. The Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section. The Study Guide and Review at the end of each chapter. Standardized Test Practice after each chapter._ _Let’s Get Started_ _To help you find information quickly, use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter 1: What is the title of this chapter? What will you learn in Section 1? Why am I learning this? State a reason why concepts from Section 2 are important. What is the main topic presented in Section 2? How many reading checks are in Section 1? What is the Web address for extra information? What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2? An integration with another subject mentioned in one of the chapter margins. Which subject is it? List new vocabulary words from Section 2. List safety symbols presented in the first Lab. Where would you find a Self Check to ensure understanding of the section? For help with concept mapping, where could you look? On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review? In the Table of Contents, find out on which page Section 2 begins. You complete the Chapter Review for your chapter test study. Find another quiz for more practice._ _Viii_ Ключевые слова: science, moon, enormous explosion, crater, chapter, pole, sun, msscience, skill handbook, adaptive optic, event, loose group, cm, cosmetic mirror, nasaphoto researchers, handbook, constellation, proxima centauri, place, plastic wrap, white dwarf, feldspar hornblende, area, red, chart showing, light, probe, axis, liquid-fuel tank, pioneer, concept map, lunar orbiters, national aeronautics, project gemini, radio transmission, long, charged particle, gravitational force, diameter, space, analysis, wainscoatpeter arnold, distance, table, lunar prospector, orbital path, au, una estrella, express, soviet union, doe, global network, year, triple-beam balance, dome-shaped roof, northern hemisphere, mission, edwin aldrin, astronaut, hypothesis, black hole, operational definition, scientist, convection zone, bookj, geologically active, star, small, avoid bias, comet, baking soda, fair weather, atmosphere, gas, phase, iron oxide, mass, tierra, impact basin, doppler shift, suns period, observation, number, spacecraft, radio, earths umbra, scale, ha, answer, waxing gibbous, lab, disadvantage explain, change, form, procedure, concave mirror, outer, radio wave, phobos, ordered pair, graph, nasa, dark, saturn, day, bookj msscience, apparent shift, image, teacher, rock, masking tape, spiral arm, object, bad weather, galileo galilei, life, galaxy, formed, result, vertical bar, lunar, neptune, study, ice, library, draw, photo, absolute magnitude, measure, solar, eclipse, learn, data, telescope, type, step, feldspar augite, spiral elliptical, compare, carnegie institution, wa, explain, electromagnetic wave, degree celsius, orbit, magnetic field, test, water, scientific notation, photo researchers, practice, material, model, melissa turk, burning chamber, grados kelvin, mercury, tennis ball, safety, circle, unit, starting quantity, main sequence, problem, earths penumbra, la, multiply, stars, el, fuzzy patch, bettmanncorbis, editorial staff, apparent magnitude, detailed map, nsoselroger ressmeyercorbis, spider map, planet, john evans, researchers, chapters content, polystyrene ball, southern hemisphere, point, pluto, venus, luna, metric ton, energy, word, saturns ring, time, check, secuencia principal, question, albert einstein, practice problem, people, muscle contraction, paper, golf ball, core, temperature, specific describing, olympus mons, surface, mars, skill, jupiter, student, write, satellite, work, gravity, local group, position, en, icon images, tiny particle, earth, universe, large