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Jack Dykinga Getty Images, The Changing Surface of Earth, Fly Geyser, Nevada is a human-made drill well now a constantly spouting hot spring. It is located in the Black Rock Desert near Gerlach, Nevada. Tufa terraces or "natural steps" are formed by mineral deposits from the springs. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use without prior written permission is strictly prohibited. The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing a division of TIME Magazine. TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-861752-9 Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 027 043 09 08 07 06 05 04 Jack Dykinga Getty Images, Authors Education Division Washington D.C. Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhD Assistant Professor Geoscience Department Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana PA Susan Leach Snyder Retired Teacher Consultant Jones Middle School Upper Arlington OH Dinah Zike Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities Inc. San Antonio TX Series Consultants CONTENT William C. Keel, PhD Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL Teri Willard, EdD Mathematics Curriculum Writer Belgrade MT Reading Robert Nierste Science Department Head Hendrick Middle School Plano ISD Plano TX Math Michael Hopper, DEng Manager of Aircraft Certification L-3 Communications Greenville TX Carol A. Senf, PhD School of Literature Communication and Culture Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA Safety Aileen Duc, PhD Science 8 Teacher Hendrick Middle School Plano ISD Plano TX Sandra West, PhD Department of Biology Texas State University-San Marcos San Marcos TX Activity Testers Nerma Coats Henderson Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High School Pickerington OH Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka William D. Slider Middle School El Paso TX Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda NY Lois Burdette Green Bank Elementary-Middle School Green Bank WV Marcia Chackan Pine Crest School Boca Raton FL Karen Curry East Wake Middle School Raleigh NC Series Reviewers Annette D’Urso Garcia Kearney Middle School Commerce City CO Nerma Coats Henderson Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High School Pickerington OH Michael Mansour Board Member National Middle Level Science Teacher’s Association John Page Middle School Madison Heights MI Sharon Mitchell William D. Slider Middle School El Paso TX Why do I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and not understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything in class but got stuck on how to answer a question at home? Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff? These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for. Besides a paperweight! Before You Read - Chapter Opener: Science is occurring all around you, and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the science you will be learning about. The Chapter Preview will give you an idea of what you will be learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to help get your brain headed in the right direction. The Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized. - Section Opener: Chapters are divided into two to four sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first page of each section will let you know what is most important in the section. It is divided into four parts: What You’ll Learn, Why It’s Important, Review Vocabulary word (word you already know), and New Vocabulary words (words that you need to learn). These words are in boldfaced print and highlighted in the section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you read the section. As You Read - Headings: Each section has a title in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and small red titles at the beginnings of some paragraphs. To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings. - Margins: In the margins of your text, you will find many helpful resources. The Science Online exercises and Integrate activities help you explore the topics you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the science concepts you have learned. - Building Skills: You also will find an Applying Math or Applying Science activity in each chapter. This gives you extra practice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests. - Student Resources: At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies. These include Science, Technology, and Math Skill Handbooks, an English Spanish Glossary, and an Index. Also, use your Foldables as a resource. It will help you organize information, and review before a test. - In Class: Remember, you can always ask your teacher to explain anything you don’t understand. Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter. STEP 1: Fold a vertical sheet of notebook paper from side to side. STEP 2: Cut along every third line of only the top layer to form tabs. STEP 3: Label each tab with a vocabulary word from the chapter. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn the definitions, write them under the tab for each vocabulary word. Look For: - At the beginning of every section. In Lab Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the concepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory experiences, and help you begin to think like a scientist. In it, you not only will find the steps necessary to follow the investigations but also helpful tips to make the most of your time. - Each lab provides you with a Real-World Question to remind you that science is something you use every day, not just in class. This may lead to many more questions about how things happen in your world. - Remember, experiments do not always produce the result you expect. Scientists have made many discoveries based on investigations with unexpected results. You can try the experiment again to make sure your results were accurate or perhaps form a new hypothesis to test. - Keeping a Science Journal is how scientists keep accurate records of observations and data. In your journal, you also can write any questions that may arise during your investigation. This is a great method of reminding yourself to find the answers later. Look For: - Real-World Question in each lab. Before a Test Admit it! You don’t like to take tests! However, there are ways to review that make them less painful. Your book will help you be more successful taking tests if you use the resources provided to you. - Review all of the New Vocabulary words and be sure you understand their definitions. - Review the notes you’ve taken on your Foldables, in class, and in lab. Write down any question that you still need answered. - Review the Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section. - Study the concepts presented in the chapter by reading the Study Guide and answering the questions in the Chapter Review. Look For: - Reading Checks and caption questions throughout the text. - Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section. - Study Guide and Review at the end of each chapter. - Standardized Test Practice after each chapter. Let’s Get Started To help you find the information you need quickly, use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter 1. What is the title of this chapter? What will you learn in Section 1? Sometimes you may ask, “Why am I learning this?” State a reason why the concepts from Section 2 are important. What is the main topic presented in Section 2? How many reading checks are in Section 1? What is the Web address where you can find extra information? What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2? There is an integration with another subject mentioned in one of the margins of the chapter. What subject is it? List the new vocabulary words presented in Section 2. List the safety symbols presented in the first Lab. Where would you find a Self Check to be sure you understand the section? Suppose you’re doing the Self Check and you have a question about concept mapping. Where could you find help? On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review? Look in the Table of Contents to find out on which page Section 2 of the chapter begins. You complete the Chapter Review to study for your chapter test. 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