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Environmental Encyclopedia, Third Edition, Volume 1 A-M, Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, and William Freedman, Editors Environmental Encyclopedia, Third Edition, Volume 2 N-Z, Historical Chronology U.S. Environmental Legislation, Organizations General Index, Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, and William Freedman, Editors Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Environmental Encyclopedia 3 Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, William Freedman, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham Project Coordinator Jacqueline L. Longe Editorial Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Madeline Harris, Chris Jeryan, Kate Kretschmann, Mark Springer, Ryan Thomason Editorial Systems Support Andrea Lopeman Permissions Shalice Shah-Caldwell Imaging and Multimedia Robert Duncan, Mary Grimes, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, David Oblender, Christine O'Bryan, Kelly A. 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Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. ISBN 0-7876-5486-8 (set), ISBN 0-7876-5487-6 (Vol. 1), ISBN 0-7876-5488-4 (Vol. 2), ISSN 1072-5083 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS ADVISORY BOARD. xxi CONTRIBUTORS. xxiii HOW TO USE THIS BOOK. xxvii INTRODUCTION. xxix VOLUME 1 (A-M):. 1 A Abbey, Edward Absorption Acclimation Accounting for nature Accuracy Acetone Acid and base Acid deposition Acid mine drainage Acid rain Acidification Activated sludge Acute effects Adams, Ansel Adaptation Adaptive management Adirondack Mountains Adsorption Aeration Aerobic Aerobic sludge digestion Aerobic anaerobic systems Aerosol Aflatoxin African Wildlife Foundation Africanized bees Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Agent Orange Agglomeration Agricultural chemicals Agricultural environmental management Agricultural pollution Agricultural Research Service Agricultural revolution Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Agroecology Agroforestry AIDS Air and Waste Management Association Air pollution Air pollution control Air pollution index Air quality Air quality control region Air quality criteria Airshed Alar Alaska Highway Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980) Albedo Algal bloom Algicide Allelopathy Allergen Alligator, American Alpha particle Alternative energy sources Aluminum Amazon basin Ambient air Amenity value American box turtle American Cetacean Society American Committee for International Conservation American Farmland Trust American Forests American Indian Environmental Office American Oceans Campaign American Wildlands Ames test Amoco Cadiz Amory, Cleveland iii CONTENTS Anaerobic Anaerobic digestion Anemia Animal cancer tests Animal Legal Defense Fund Animal rights Animal waste Animal Welfare Institute Antarctic Treaty (1961) Antarctica Antarctica Project Anthrax Anthropogenic Antibiotic resistance Aquaculture Aquarium trade Aquatic chemistry Aquatic microbiology Aquatic toxicology Aquatic weed control Aquifer Aquifer depletion Aquifer restoration Arable land Aral Sea Arco, Idaho Arctic Council Arctic haze Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Arid Arid landscaping Army Corps of Engineers Arrhenius, Svante Arsenic Arsenic-treated lumber Artesian well Asbestos Asbestos removal Asbestosis Ashio, Japan Asian longhorn beetle Asian (Pacific) shore crab Asiatic black bear Assimilative capacity Francis of Assisi, St. Asthma Aswan High Dam Atmosphere Atmospheric (air) pollutants Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric inversion Atomic Energy Commission Atrazine Attainment area Audubon, John James iv Environmental Encyclopedia3 Australia Autecology Automobile Automobile emissions Autotroph Avalanche B Bacillus thuringiensis Background radiation Bacon, Sir Francis Baghouse Balance of nature Bald eagle Barrier island Basel Convention Bass, Rick Bats Battery recycling Bay of Fundy Beach renourishment Beattie, Mollie Bellwether species Below Regulatory Concern Bennett, Hugh Hammond Benzene Benzo(a)pyrene Berry, Wendell Best available control technology Best management practices Best Practical Technology Beta particle Beyond Pesticides Bhopal, India Bikini atoll Bioaccumulation Bioaerosols Bioassay Bioassessment Biochemical oxygen demand Biodegradable Biodiversity Biofilms Biofiltration Biofouling Biogeochemistry Biogeography Biohydrometallurgy Bioindicator Biological community Biological fertility Biological methylation Biological Resources Division Bioluminescence Environmental Encyclopedia3 CONTENTS Biomagnification Biomass Biomass fuel Biome Biophilia Bioregional Project Bioregionalism Bioremediation Biosequence Biosphere Biosphere reserve Biotechnology Bioterrorism Biotic community Biotoxins Bioventing BirdLife International Birth defects Bison Black lung disease Black-footed ferret Blackout brownout Blow-out Blue Angel Blue revolution (fish farming) Blue-baby syndrome Bookchin, Murray Borlaug, Norman E. Boston Harbor clean up Botanical garden Boulding, Kenneth Boundary Waters Canoe Area Brackish Bromine Bronchitis Brower, David Ross Brown, Lester R. Brown pelican Brown tree snake Browner, Carol Brownfields Brundtland, Gro Harlem Btu Budyko, Mikhail I. Buffer Bulk density Burden of proof Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES) Bureau of Reclamation Buried soil Burroughs, John Bush meat market Bycatch Bycatch reduction devices C Cadmium Cairo conference Calcareous soil Caldicott, Helen Caldwell, Lynton Keith California condor Callicott, John Baird Canadian Forest Service Canadian Parks Service Canadian Wildlife Service Cancer Captive propagation and reintroduction Carbon Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions trading Carbon monoxide Carbon offsets (CO2-emission offsets) Carbon tax Carcinogen Carrying capacity Carson, Rachel Cash crop Catalytic converter Catskill watershed protection plan Center for Environmental Philosophy Center for Respect of Life and Environment Center for Rural Affairs Center for Science in the Public Interest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cesium 137 Chain reaction Chaparral Chelate Chelyabinsk, Russia Chemical bond Chemical oxygen demand Chemical spills Chemicals Chemosynthesis Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Chesapeake Bay Child survival revolution Chimpanzees Chipko Andolan movement Chlordane Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorination Chlorine Chlorine monoxide Chlorofluorocarbons v CONTENTS Cholera Cholinesterase inhibitor Chromatography Chronic effects Cigarette smoke Citizen science Citizens for a Better Environment Clay minerals Clay-hard pan Clayoquot Sound Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990) Clean coal technology Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987) Clear-cutting Clements, Frederic E. Climate Climax (ecological) Clod Cloning Cloud chemistry Club of Rome C:N ratio Coal Coal bed methane Coal gasification Coal washing Coase theorem Coastal Society, The Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) Co-composting Coevolution Cogeneration Cold fusion Coliform bacteria Colorado River Combined Sewer Overflows Combustion Cometabolism Commensalism Commercial fishing Commission for Environmental Cooperation Commoner, Barry Communicable diseases Community ecology Compaction Comparative risk Competition Competitive exclusion Composting Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Computer disposal Condensation nuclei Congo River and basin Coniferous forest vi Ключевые слова: type, material, treatment, forest, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, puerto rico, pollution, electrostatic precipitator, dubuque, science, ozark mountains, sears, ecosystem, resource, surface, san diego, conservation, twentieth centurys, long, ii ii, sexual intercourse, hgl, ha, gender bias, castor bean, svante arrhenius, san francisco, condition, earth, method, result, bacillus anthracis, planete, gas, ocean, level, rails-to-trails conservancy, government, fuel, life, nina, worldly philosophers, amu darya, pratt, natural, human, epa, national, international, united, nature, mph kph, saint cosme, grande, growth, periodicals, fish, petersburg, onassis foundations, santo domingo, law, change, federal, leafy spurge, process, lake, problem, water, york, study, synaptic cleft, patron saint, project, sea, lymph node, habitat, public, wooden seat, small, program, vas occlusive, washington, vice versa, paix, protection, place, power, large, including, santa monica, santa barbara, ii, kyoto protocoltreaty, environment, chemical, soil, bortman, whooping crane, religions religions, case, ecological, le, ft cm, development, deferens, sexually receptive, organism, ph le, los angeles, hertz, soviet republics, unconstitutional, air, solar max, product, niagara falls, nuclear, nino, virunga mountains, emerald necklace, year, cystic fibrosis, waste, http, mph kmhr, tuttle, energy, fecal coliform, http www, appalachian mountains, transboundary movements, grinevald jacques, earths insights, quality, industry, country, control, santa cruz, specie, land, books, source, toxic, hans cassidy, resources, plant, koobi fora, hawaiian islands, common, nicholas polunin, people, policy, wa, legionella pneumophila, rene descartes, inhabitants, food, ecology, sao paulo, glen avon, costa rica, river, catalytic converter, anti-asthma inhaler, humes intentions, rachel carson, sally wasowski, form, society, hong kong, include, population, work, time, american, eu wa, health, site, natalie fobes, environmental, kindly fruits, group, resources books, tinker creek, community, wildlife, mih, las vegas, university, aleutian islands, tree, high, service, panama republica, edey lucy, hubbard brook, disease, galapagos islands, agency, number, anal fin, international affairs, veterans affairs, organic, management, area, nin, voles mice, press, fundamenta scientiae, oil, animal, perfluorooctane sulfonate