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"Mechanics, Part 1: Physics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with basic principles of the Universe. It forms the foundation upon which astronomy, biology, chemistry and geology are based. The beauty of physics lies in simplicity of fundamental theories and manner in which a few concepts equations and assumptions alter expand our view of world around us. Study of physics can be divided into six main areas: 1) classical mechanics, concerned motion objects large relative to atoms move much slower than speed light; 2) relativity, theory describing objects moving any speed including speeds approaching speed light; 3) thermodynamics, deals heat work temperature statistical behavior systems with large numbers particles; 4) electromagnetism, concerns electricity magnetism electromagnetic fields; 5) optics, study behavior of light interaction with materials; 6) quantum mechanics, theories connecting matter submicroscopic level macroscopic observations. Disciplines mechanics electromagnetism basic all other branches classical physics (developed before 1900) modern physics (c. 1900-present). First part textbook deals classical mechanics sometimes referred to Newtonian mechanics or simply mechanics. This is appropriate place begin introductory text because many basic principles used understand mechanical systems can later describe natural phenomena such as waves transfer of energy by heat. Furthermore, laws conservation energy momentum introduced mechanics retain importance fundamental theories other areas physics. Today, classical mechanics vital importance students from all disciplines. It highly successful in describing motions different objects such planets rockets baseballs. First part text we shall describe laws classical mechanics examine wide range phenomena can understood with these fundamental ideas. Liftoff space shuttle Columbia. Tragic accident February 1, 2003 that took lives of seven astronauts aboard happened just before Volume 1 book went press. Launch and operation space shuttle involve many fundamental principles classical mechanics thermodynamics electromagnetism. We study principles classical mechanics Part 1 text apply these principles rocket propulsion Chapter 9. Like all other sciences physics based on experimental observations quantitative measurements. Main objective physics find limited number of fundamental laws govern natural phenomena use them develop theories can predict results future experiments. Fundamental laws used developing theories expressed language mathematics tool provides bridge between theory experiment. When discrepancy arises new theories must be formulated remove discrepancy. Many times a theory satisfactory only under limited conditions more general theory might be satisfactory without such limitations. For example, laws motion discovered Isaac Newton (1642-1727) 17th century accurately describe motion objects moving normal speeds do not apply to objects moving speeds comparable with speed light. In contrast, special theory relativity developed Albert Einstein (1879-1955) early 1900s gives same results Newton's laws low speeds also correctly describes motion approaching speed light. Hence, Einstein's special theory relativity is more general theory of motion. Classical physics includes theories concepts laws and experiments in classical mechanics thermodynamics optics electromagnetism developed before 1900. Important contributions to classical physics provided by Newton who developed classical mechanics systematic theory was one originators calculus as mathematical tool. Major developments mechanics continued 18th century but fields thermodynamics electricity magnetism were not developed latter part 19th century principally because apparatus controlled experiments either too crude or unavailable. Major revolution in physics, usually referred to modern physics, began near end of 19th century. Modern physics developed mainly due discovery many physical phenomena could not be explained classical physics. Two most important developments this modern era were theories relativity quantum mechanics. Einstein's theory relativity correctly describes motion objects moving speeds comparable with speed light completely revolutionized traditional concepts space time energy. Theory relativity also shows that speed of light is upper limit speed object and mass energy are related. Quantum mechanics formulated by distinguished scientists provided descriptions physical phenomena at atomic level. Scientists continually work improving our understanding fundamental laws new discoveries made every day. In many research areas there great deal overlap among physics chemistry biology. Evidence for this overlap seen in names some subspecialties science-biophysics, biochemistry, chemical physics, biotechnology and so on. Numerous technological advances recent times result efforts of many scientists engineers technicians. Some most notable developments latter half 20th century were (1) unmanned planetary explorations manned moon landings (2) microcircuitry high-speed computers (3) sophisticated imaging techniques used scientific research medicine (4) several remarkable results genetic engineering. Impacts such developments discoveries on our society indeed been great and it is very likely that future discoveries developments will be exciting challenging of great benefit to humanity. 1.1 Standards Length Mass Time Laws physics expressed mathematical relationships physical quantities we introduce discuss throughout book. Most these quantities derived quantities can expressed as combinations small number basic quantities. In mechanics three basic quantities are length mass time. All other quantities mechanics expressed in terms these three. If report results measurement someone wishes reproduce this measurement standard must be defined. It would meaningless if visitor from another planet were to talk about a length of 8 "glitches" if do not know meaning unit glitch. On the other hand, if someone familiar with our system measurement reports that wall is 2 meters high and our unit length defined as 1 meter we know height wall twice basic length unit. Likewise, if told person has mass 75 kilograms and our unit mass defined as 1 kilogram then person 75 times as massive as basic unit. Whatever chosen standard must be readily accessible possess some property can measured reliably. Measurements taken by different people in different places must yield same result. In 1960, international committee established set standards fundamental quantities science. It is called SI (Système International) and its units of length mass time are meter kilogram second respectively. Other SI standards established by the committee are those for temperature (the kelvin), electric current (the ampere), luminous intensity (the candela), and the amount of substance (the mole). Length In A.D. 1120, king England decreed that standard length in his country would be named the yard and would be precisely equal to distance from tip of his nose to end of his outstretched arm. Similarly, original standard for the foot adopted by the French was the length of the royal foot of King Louis XIV. This standard prevailed until 1799 when legal standard length in France became the meter, defined as one ten-millionth the distance from the equator to the North Pole along one particular longitudinal line that passes through Paris. 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