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"Second Edition", "Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition Volume 9: Birds II". Jerome A. Jackson, Advisory Editor Walter J. Bock, Taxonomic Editor Donna Olendorf, Project Editor Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator Michael Hutchins, Series Editor In Association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Project Editor Donna Olendorf Editorial Deirdre Blanchfield, Madeline Harris, Christine Jeryan, Kristine M. Krapp, Kate Kretschmann, Melissa C. McDade, Mark Springer Permissions Kim Davis Imaging and Multimedia Mary K. Grimes, Lezlie Light, Christine OBryan, Barbara Yarrow, Robyn V. Young Product Design Tracey Rowens, Jennifer Wahi Manufacturing Dorothy Maki, Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper (c) 2003 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group Inc., a division of Thomson Learning Inc. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact The Gale Group Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product submit your request via web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions Or download our Permissions Request form and submit by fax or mail to: The Gale Group Inc., Permissions Department 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535. Permissions hotline: 248 699-8074 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: 248 699-8074 or 800-762-4058. Cover photo of African jacana (Actophilornis africanus) by Nigel Dennis, Photo Researchers Inc. Back cover photos of sea anemone by AP Wide World Photos University of Wisconsin-Superior; land snail, lionfish, golden frog and green python by JLM Visuals; red-legged locust (c) 2001 Susan Sam; hornbill by Margaret F. Kinnaird; and tiger by Jeff Lepore Photo Researchers. All reproduced by permission. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication The Gale Group Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group Inc. accepts no payment for listing inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service or individual does not imply endorsement by editors and publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (vols. 1-17 set) 0-7876-6571-1 (vols. 8-11 set) 0-7876-5784-0 (vol. 8) 0-7876-5785-9 (vol. 9) 0-7876-5786-7 (vol. 10) 0-7876-5787-5 (vol. 11) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grzimek, Bernhard. _Tierleben. English_ Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia - 2nd ed. v. cm Includes bibliographical references Contents: v. 1 Lower metazoans and lesser deuterosomes Neil Schlager editor - v. 2 Protostomes Neil Schlager editor - v. 3 Insects Neil Schlager editor - v. 4-5 Fishes I-II Neil Schlager editor - v. 6 Amphibians Neil Schlager editor - v. 7 Reptiles Neil Schlager editor - v. 8-11 Birds I-IV Donna Olendorf editor - v. 12-16 Mammals I-V Melissa C McDade editor - v. 17 Cumulative index Melissa C McDade editor. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (set hardcover : alk paper) 1 Zoology Encyclopedias I Title Animal Life Encyclopedia II Schlager, Neil III Olendorf Donna IV McDade, Melissa V American Zoo and Aquarium Association VI Title QL7 .G7813 2004 590.3-dc21 2002003351 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Recommended citation: Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition Volumes 8-11 Birds I-IV edited by Michael Hutchins Jerome A Jackson Walter J Bock and Donna Olendorf Farmington Hills MI Gale Group 2002. Contents Foreword. viii How to use this book. xiii Advisory boards. xv Contributing writers. xviii Family Tropicbirds 187 Family Frigatebirds 193 Family Cormorants and anhingas 201 Family Boobies and gannets 211 Family Pelicans 225 Volume 8 Birds I What is a bird? 3 Order CICONIIFORMES Herons storks spoonbills ibis and New World birds and humans vultures Avian migration and navigation. 29 Family Herons and bitterns 239 Avian song. 37 Family Hammerheads 261 Avian flight. 45 Family Storks 265 Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Family New World vultures Tinamous and ratites. 53 Family Shoebills 287 Family Tinamous 57 Family Ibises and spoonbills 291 Family Rheas 69 Family Cassowaries 75 Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family Emus 83 Flamingos 303 Family Kiwis 89 Family Flamingos. 303 Family Moas 95 Order FALCONIFORMES Family Ostriches 99 Diurnal birds of prey. 313 Family Elephant birds 103 Family Hawks and eagles 317 Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenosed seabirds Albatrosses 113 Family Shearwaters petrels and fulmars 123 Family Storm-petrels 135 Family Diving-petrels. 143 Order SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins Family Penguins. 147 Order GAVIIFORMES Loons Family Loons. 159 Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes Family Grebes. 169 Order PELECANIFORMES Pelicans and cormorants. 183 Family Secretary birds 343 Family Falcons caracaras 347 Order ANSERIFORMES Ducks geese swans screamers. 363 Family Ducks geese and swans 369 Family Screamers 393 Order GALLIFORMES Chicken-like birds Moundbuilders 403 Family Curassows guans chachalacas 413 Family Guineafowl 425 Family Fowls pheasants. 433 Family New World quails 455 Order OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzins Family Hoatzins. 465 Ключевые слова: mascarene islands, southern, group, leuconota species, tail, pipra species, monotypic, sustained yield, spanish, breeding, photo, chick, geoffroy saint-hilaire, diet, bivittata species, animal life, ecology, food, iberian peninsula, melanopogon species, conservation status, egg, wedge shaped, geoffroyi species, cuckoo, royal society, status, adult, territorial, pectoral girdle, senex species, great potoo, ecology diet, taxonomy, rubetra species, head, rail, amsterdam amsterdam, carotid artery, family, significance humans, bad luck, stellata species, physical, night, sierra leone, africa, sri lanka, german, cayanensis species, twenty-first century, life, acre, short, nonbreeding season, volquard iversen, america, day, university, rainy season, african finfoot, prey, sexually mature, javanicus species, phylogenetic analysis, plaintive nasal, north, pair, south, malay peninsula, reproductive biology, twentieth century, garrulus species, dark, arizona photo, behavior, arid scrubland, life encyclopedia, cm, red, bird, forest, release program, calandra species, northern hemisphere, large, water, kerguelen islands, director retired, pica species, strix brevis, black, feeding ecology, common names, lesser antilles, mph kph, southern hemisphere, plumifera species, glandarius species, range, canary islands, specie, shipwrecked, crane, physical characteristics, feeding ecology diet, display, population, cm lb, great deal, great lakes, winter, solomon islands, rictal bristle, esprito santo, facial disk, brown, gray, wing, subdesert mesite, killdee killdee, phoebe species, campanisona species, area, species, insect, press, facial disc, animal, feather, densely populated, salivary cement, biology, season, northern, non-breeding season, french, humans, indian subcontinent, cinnamomeiventris species, island, significance, ha, long, young, arabian peninsula, phylogenetic reanalysis, encyclopedia, habitat, genus, nest, mm, reproductive, longipes species, northern scandanavia, oz, southern arizona, salivary secretion, london, gymnops species, pufflegs eriocnemis, incubation, names, number, purple swamphen, evolutionary history, subspecies, birds, flight, order, subfamily, virginianus species, female, upright stance, hummingbird, eighteenth century, dense brush, characteristics, period, gular sac, plumage, highly social, small, territory, common, swift, costa rica, including, feeding, marbled murrelet, ground, cinereifrons species, resident, british isles, del hoyo, male, intertidal zone, tree, eurasian eagle-owl, sexual dimorphism, year, white, masked finfoot, democratic republic, time, grzimek, threatened, comb-like serration, ii, english, owl, pigeon, cm oz, human, virgin islands, distribution, conservation