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"Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition Volume 13: Mammals II" Project Editor Melissa C. McDade Editorial Stacey Blachford, Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Madeline Harris, Christine Jeryan, Kate Kretschmann, Mark Springer, Ryan Thomason Indexing Services Synapse, the Knowledge Link Corporation Permissions Margaret Chamberlain Imaging and Multimedia Randy Bassett, Mary K. Grimes, Lezlie Light, Christine OBryan, Barbara Yarrow, Robyn V. Young Product Design Tracey Rowens, Jennifer Wahi Manufacturing Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki, Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper (c) 2004 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group Inc., a division of Thomson Learning Inc. Gale and design(r) and Thomson Learning(tm) are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact The Gale Group Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: The Gale Group Inc., Permissions Department, 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535. Permissions hotline: 248-699-8074 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058. Cover photo of three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) by Michael P. L. Fogden, Bruce Coleman Inc. Back cover photos of sea anemone by AP Wide World Photos University of Wisconsin-Superior; land snail, lionfish, golden frog, and green python by JLM Visuals; red-legged locust (c) 2001 Susan Sam; hornbill by Margaret F. Kinnaird; and tiger by Jeff Lepore Photo Researchers. All reproduced by permission. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service or individual does not imply endorsement by the editors and publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (vols. 1-17 set) 0-7876-6573-8 (vols. 12-16 set) 0-7876-5788-3 (vol. 12) 0-7876-5789-1 (vol. 13) 0-7876-5790-5 (vol. 14) 0-7876-5791-3 (vol. 15) 0-7876-5792-1 (vol. 16) This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-7876-7750-7 (17-vol set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grzimek, Bernhard. Grzimeks animal life encyclopedia. English: Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: v. 1. Lower metazoans and lesser deuterosomes Neil Schlager, editor - v. 2. Protostomes Neil Schlager, editor - v. 3. Insects Neil Schlager, editor - v. 4-5. Fishes I-II Neil Schlager, editor - v. 6. Amphibians Neil Schlager, editor - v. 7. Reptiles Neil Schlager, editor - v. 8-11. Birds I-IV Donna Olendorf, editor - v. 12-16. Mammals I-V Melissa C. McDade, editor - v. 17. Cumulative index Melissa C. McDade, editor. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (set hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Zoology-Encyclopedias. I. Title: Animal life encyclopedia. II. Schlager, Neil, 1966-III. Olendorf, Donna IV. McDade, Melissa C. V. American Zoo and Aquarium Association. VI. Title. QL7 .G7813 2004 590.3-dc21 2002003351 Printed in Canada 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Recommended citation: Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volumes 12-16, Mammals I-V, edited by Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist, and Melissa C. McDade. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. Contents Foreword. ix How to use this book. xii Advisory boards. xiv Contributing writers. xvi Contributing illustrators. xx Volume 12: Mammals I What is a mammal? 3 Ice Age giants. 17 Contributions of molecular genetics to phylogenetics. 26 Structure and function. 36 Adaptations for flight. 52 Adaptations for aquatic life. 62 Adaptations for subterranean life. 69 Sensory systems, including echolocation. 79 Life history and reproduction. 89 Reproductive processes. 101 Ecology. 113 Nutritional adaptations. 120 Distribution and biogeography. 129 Behavior. 140 Cognition and intelligence. 149 Migration. 164 Mammals and humans: Domestication and commensals. 171 Mammals and humans: Mammalian invasives and pests. 182 Mammals and humans: Field techniques for studying mammals. 194 Order PAUCITUBERCULATA Shrew opossums Family: Shrew opossums. 267 Order MICROBIOTHERIA Monitos del monte Family: Monitos del monte. 273 Order DASYUROMORPHIA Australasian carnivorous marsupials. 277 Family: Marsupial mice and cats, Tasmanian devil. 287 Family: Numbat. 303 Family: Tasmanian wolves. 307 For further reading. 311 Organizations. 316 Contributors to the first edition. 318 Glossary. 325 Mammals species list. 330 Geologic time scale. 364 Index. Volume 13: Mammals II Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Bandicoots and bilbies. Family: Bandicoots. Subfamily: Bilbies. 19 Order NOTORYCTEMORPHIA Marsupial moles Family: Marsupial moles. 25 Order DIPROTODONTIA Mammals and humans: Mammals in zoos. 203 Conservation. 213 Order MONOTREMATA Monotremes. 227 Family: Echidnas. 235 Family: Duck-billed platypus. 243 Koala, wombats, possums, wallabies, and kangaroos. Family: Koalas. 31 Family: Wombats. 43 Family: Possums and cuscuses. 51 Family: Musky rat-kangaroos. 57 Family: Rat-kangaroos. 69 Family: Wallabies and kangaroos. 83 Order DIDELPHIMORPHIA Family: Pygmy possums. 105 New World opossums, Family: Ringtail and greater gliding possums. 113 Family: New World opossums. 249 Family: Gliding and striped possums. 125 Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia tv Ключевые слова: forearm, ear, australia, charles darwin, annual cycle, smythephoto researchers, sloth, cm lb, tail, fully haired, andaman islands, mammal, reproduced permission, sensory whisker, polygynous, sierra leone, ground, press, democratic republic, females, species, ciencias universidad, short, order, thomsonphoto researchers, finkphoto researchers, life, food, cm, population, threatened, insect, conservation status, rice paddy, head, common names, oz, sri lanka, brown, rainforests, dominican republic, diet, arenarius species, aboriginal australians, group, reproduced, cm oz, life encyclopedia, royal society, european settler, length, andrewsi species, physical, subspecies, promiscuous, birth, european colonization, fur, shrew, arnhemensis species, abdominal cavity, characteristics, andinus species, island, genus, taxonomy, solitary, auratus species, feeding ecology, possum, chiropteran monophyly, size, ecology diet, alexandri species, water, costa rica, significance, animal, ii, encyclopedia, reproductive, french guiana, individual, habitat, apicalis species, body, central, areas, feeding ecology diet, subfamily, feeding, significance humans, head body, australian landmass, caurinus species, adustus species, embryonic diapause, blanfordi species, long, body length, moderately dense, american society, salvador, dorre islands, leaf, action plan, mating, range, cave, conservation, specie, photo, weight, kawau rangitoto, huon peninsula, french toupaie, oz le, aethiopicus species, mammalian species, bat, dr, migratory animals, area, physical characteristics, national park, africa, sister taxon, south, bengalensis species, comparative physiology, southern, york, gray, silvery wash, orange-rufous ventrally, names, alfari species, grzimek, dark, conserve heat, direct sunlight, month, burning regime, status, litter, sexually mature, arabian peninsula, wire, humans, von helversen, dimijianphoto researchers, distribution, amsterdam amsterdam, day, crassicauda species, alticola species, year, bonn convention, human, cryptoses choloepi, australasian marsupials, northern, time, number, uiblephoto researchers, bats, sexual maturity, forest, national academy, mole, auditory bulla, albipes species, biology, common, female, great mobility, environmental contamination, young, olfactory cue, lava tube, afra species, large, pectoral girdle, white, larch sawfly, columnar cacti, lives, ha, male, including, puerto rico, tree, ecology, latin america, permission, animal life, hans zischler, behavior, crassicaudatus species, albicauda species, guinea, small, campestris species, rainforest, fruit, chorioallantoic placenta, mental foramen, tuttlephoto researchers, mammals, sheltered ravine, reproductive energetics, aerosus species, university, vampires burial, roost, family, reproductive biology, phone, mandibular condyle, nocturnal