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"Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition Volume 17: Cumulative Index Project Editor Melissa C. McDade Editorial Madeline Harris Christine Jeryan Kate Kretschmann Mark Springer Indexing Services Synapse the Knowledge Link Corporation Permissions Margaret Chamberlain Imaging and Multimedia Randy Bassett Mary K. Grimes Lezlie Light Christine OBryan Barbara Yarrow Robyn V. Young Product Design Tracey Rowens Jennifer Wahi Manufacturing Wendy Blurton Dorothy Maki Evi Seoud Mary Beth Trimper (c) 2004 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design(r) and Thomson Learning(tm) are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions hotline: 248-699-8074 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058. Cover photo of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by K & K Ammann, Bruce Coleman, Inc. Back cover photos of sea anemone by AP Wide World Photos University of Wisconsin-Superior; land snail, lionfish, golden frog, and green python by JLM Visuals; red-legged locust (c) 2001 Susan Sam; hornbill by Margaret F. Kinnaird; and tiger by Jeff Lepore Photo Researchers. All reproduced by permission. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors and publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (vols. 1-17 set) 0-7876-6570-3 (vol. 17) This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-7876-7750-7 (17-vol set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grzimek, Bernhard. Tierleben. English Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia.-2nd ed. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: v. 1. Lower metazoans and lesser deuterosomes Neil Schlager, editor - v. 2. Protostomes Neil Schlager, editor - v. 3. Insects Neil Schlager, editor - v. 4-5. Fishes I-II Neil Schlager, editor - v. 6. Amphibians Neil Schlager, editor - v. 7. Reptiles Neil Schlager, editor - v. 8-11. Birds I-IV Donna Olendorf, editor - v. 12-16. Mammals I-V Melissa C. McDade, editor - v. 17. Cumulative index Melissa C. McDade, editor. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (set hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Zoology-Encyclopedias. I. Title: Animal life encyclopedia. II. Schlager, Neil, 1966 III. Olendorf, Donna IV. McDade, Melissa C. V. American Zoo and Aquarium Association. QL7 .G7813 2004 590.3-dc21 2002003351 Printed in Canada 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Recommended citation: Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Edited by Michael Hutchins, Melissa C. McDade, Donna Olendorf, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2004. Foreword. Earth is teeming with life. No one knows exactly how many distinct organisms inhabit our planet, but more than 5 million different species of animals and plants could exist, ranging from microscopic algae and bacteria to gigantic elephants, redwood trees and blue whales. Yet, throughout this wonderful tapestry of living creatures, there runs a single thread: deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The existence of DNA, an elegant, twisted organic molecule that is the building block of all life, is perhaps the best evidence that all living organisms on this planet share a common ancestry. Our ancient connection to the living world may drive our curiosity, and perhaps also explain our seemingly insatiable desire for information about animals and nature. Noted zoologist E. O. Wilson recently coined the term "biophilia" to describe this phenomenon. The term is derived from the Greek bios meaning "life" and philos meaning "love." Wilson argues that we are human because of our innate affinity to and interest in the other organisms with which we share our planet. They are, as he says, "the matrix in which the human mind originated and is permanently rooted." Our love for nature flows in our blood and is deeply engrained in both our psyche and cultural traditions. Our own personal awakenings to the natural world are as diverse as humanity itself. I spent my early childhood in rural Iowa where nature was an integral part of my life. My father and I spent many hours collecting, identifying and studying local insects, amphibians and reptiles. These experiences had a significant impact on my early intellectual and even spiritual development. One event I can recall most vividly: I had collected a cocoon in a field near my home in early spring. The large, silky capsule was attached to a stick. I brought the cocoon back to my room and placed it in a jar on top of my dresser. I remember waking one morning and there, perched on the tip of the stick was a large moth, slowly moving its delicate, light green wings in the early morning sunlight. It took my breath away. To my inexperienced eyes, it was one of the most beautiful things I had ever seen. I knew it was a moth but did not know which species. Upon closer examination, I noticed two moon-like markings on the wings and also noted that the wings had long "tails," much like the ubiquitous tiger swallow-tail butterflies that visited the lilac bush in our backyard. Not wanting to suffer my ignorance any longer, I reached immediately for my Golden Guide to North American Insects and searched through the section on moths and butterflies. It was a luna moth! My heart was pounding with the excitement of new knowledge as I ran to share the discovery with my parents. I consider myself very fortunate to have made a living as a professional biologist and conservationist for the past 20 years. I've traveled to over 30 countries and six continents to study and photograph wildlife or to attend related conferences and meetings. Yet, each time I encounter a new and unusual animal or habitat my heart still races with the same excitement of my youth. If this is biophilia, then I certainly possess it, and it is my hope that others will experience it too. I am therefore extremely proud to have served as the series editor for the Gale Group's rewrite of Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, one of the best known and widely used reference works on the animal world. Grzimek's is a celebration of animals, a snapshot of our current knowledge of the Earth's incredible range of biological diversity. Although many other animal encyclopedias exist, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia remains unparalleled in its size and in the breadth of topics and organisms it covers. The revision of these volumes could not come at a more opportune time. In fact, there is a desperate need for a deeper understanding and appreciation of our natural world. Many species are classified as threatened or endangered, and the situation is expected to get much worse before it gets better. Species extinction has always been part of the evolutionary history of life; some organisms adapt to changing circumstances and some do not. However, the current rate of species loss is now estimated to be 1,000-10,000 times the normal "background" rate of extinction since life began on Earth some 4 billion years ago. The primary factor responsible for this decline in biological diversity is the exponential growth of human populations, combined with people's unsustainable appetite for natural resources such as land, water, minerals, oil and timber. The world's human population now exceeds 6 billion, and even though the average birth rate has begun to decline, most demographers believe that the global human population will reach 8-10 billion in the next 50 years. Much of this projected growth will occur in developing countries in Central and South America, Asia and Africa—regions that are rich in unique biological diversity." 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