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"Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition Volume 10 Birds III Jerome A. Jackson, Advisory Editor Walter J. Bock, Taxonomic Editor Donna Olendorf, Project Editor Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator Michael Hutchins, Series Editor In Association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association" Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition Volume 10: Birds III Project Editor Donna Olendorf Editorial Deirdre Blanchfield, Madeline Harris, Christine Jeryan, Kristine M. Krapp, Kate Kretschmann, Melissa C. McDade, Mark Springer Permissions Kim Davis Imaging and Multimedia Mary K. Grimes, Lezlie Light, Christine OBryan, Barbara Yarrow, Robyn V. Young Product Design Tracey Rowens, Jennifer Wahi Manufacturing Dorothy Maki, Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper (c) 2003 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group Inc., a division of Thomson Learning Inc. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact The Gale Group Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product submit your request via web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions Or download our Permissions Request form and submit by fax or mail to: The Gale Group Inc., Permissions Department 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions hotline: 248 699-8074 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: 248 699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Cover photo of Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbill (Aceros cassidix) by Margaret F. Kinnaird. Back cover photos of sea anemone by AP Wide World Photos University of Wisconsin-Superior; land snail, lionfish, golden frog, and green python by JLM Visuals; red-legged locust © 2001 Susan Sam; hornbill by Margaret F. Kinnaird; and tiger by Jeff Lepore Photo Researchers. All reproduced by permission. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication The Gale Group Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group Inc. accepts no payment for listing and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service or individual does not imply endorsement by the editors and publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified will be corrected in future editions. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (vols. 1-17 set) 0-7876-6571-1 (vols. 8-11 set) 0-7876-5784-0 (vol. 8) 0-7876-5785-9 (vol. 9) 0-7876-5786-7 (vol. 10) 0-7876-5787-5 (vol. 11) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grzimek, Bernhard. Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia.-2nd ed. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: v. 1. Lower metazoans and lesser deuterosomes Neil Schlager, editor - v. 2. Protostomes Neil Schlager, editor - v. 3. Insects Neil Schlager, editor - v. 4-5. Fishes I-II Neil Schlager, editor - v. 6. Amphibians Neil Schlager, editor - v. 7. Reptiles Neil Schlager, editor - v. 8-11. Birds I-IV Donna Olendorf, editor - v. 12-16. Mammals I-V Melissa C. McDade, editor - v. 17. Cumulative index Melissa C. McDade, editor. ISBN 0-7876-5362-4 (set hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Zoology-Encyclopedias. I. Title: Animal life encyclopedia. II. Schlager, Neil, 1966- III. Olendorf, Donna IV. McDade, Melissa C. V. American Zoo and Aquarium Association. QL7 .G7813 2004 590 .3-dc21 2002003351 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Recommended citation: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volumes 8-11, Birds I-IV, edited by Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock, and Donna Olendorf. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2002. Contents Foreword viii How to use this book xiii Advisory boards xx Contributing writers xxiv Contributing illustrators Family: Tropicbirds 187 Family: Frigatebirds 193 Family: Cormorants and anhingas 201 Family: Boobies and gannets 211 Family: Pelicans 225 Volume 8: Birds I What is a bird? 3 Order CICONIIFORMES Herons, storks, spoonbills, ibis, and New World birds and humans. 19 vultures. 233 Avian migration and navigation. 29 Family: Herons and bitterns 239 Avian song. 37 Family: Hammerheads 261 Avian flight. 45 Family: Storks 265 Order STRUTHIONIFORMES tFamily: New World vultures. 275 Tinamous and ratites. 53 tFamily: Shoebills 287 Family: Tinamous 57 tFamily: Ibises and spoonbills 291 Family: Rheas 69 Family: Cassowaries 75 Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family: Emus 83 Flamingos Family: Kiwis. 89 Family: Flamingos. 303 Family: Moas. 95 Order FALCONIFORMES Family: Ostriches. 99 Diurnal birds of prey. 313 Family: Elephant birds. 103 Family: Hawks and eagles. 317 Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenosed seabirds. 107 Family: Albatrosses. 113 Family: Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars. 123 Family: Storm-petrels. 135 Family: Diving-petrels. 143 Order SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins Family: Penguins. 147 Order GAVIIFORMES Loons Family: Loons. 159 Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes Family: Grebes. 169 Order PELECANIFORMES Pelicans and cormorants. 183 Family: Secretary birds. 343 Family: Falcons and caracaras. 347 Order ANSERIFORMES Ducks, geese, swans, and screamers. 363 Family: Ducks, geese, and swans. 369 Family: Screamers. 393 Order GALLIFORMES Chicken-like birds. 399 Family: Moundbuilders. 403 Family: Curassows, guans, and chachalacas. 413 Family: Guineafowl. 425 Family: Fowls and pheasants. 433 Family: New World quails. 455 Order OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzins Family: Hoatzins. 465 Ключевые слова: midand upper-canopy, southern, woodpecker, group, leuconota species, poor flier, tail, monotypic, spanish, song, breeding, photo, diet, bivittata species, glossy blue-black, animal life, ecology, yucatn peninsula, food, telephone pole, melanopogon species, conservation status, egg, porto rico, geoffroyi species, status, iii, european settlement, senex species, ecology diet, taxonomy, rubetra species, head, amsterdam amsterdam, caratinga reserve, family, far-reaching bell-like, sq mi, significance humans, stellata species, physical, peoples republic, swamp greenbul, africa, sri lanka, german, cayanensis species, poor flyer, life, acre, short, nonbreeding season, america, philippine archipelago, day, blue, university, status threatened, rainy season, size, prey, open, amazonian riverboats, cooper kingfishers, javanicus species, sexes, falkland islands, pair, north, south, malay peninsula, relieve rheumatism, horizontal stance, reproductive biology, protective measure, red, behavior, european settler, life encyclopedia, cm, bird, forest, calandra species, species limits, large, director retired, sex, long-term persistence, pectinate claw, pica species, central, http, black, feeding ecology, common names, lesser antilles, plumifera species, glandarius species, range, wide fund, specie, physical characteristics, wren, feeding ecology diet, occurs, population, cm lb, michigan museum, solomon islands, undertail covert, brown, phoebe species, wing, gray, campanisona species, area, species, insect, press, facial disc, animal, feather, yellow, bleating calf, biology, northern, non-breeding season, french, humans, linnean society, indian subcontinent, bering strait, island, cervical vertebra, significance, cinnamomeiventris species, western palaearctic, ha, hornbill, sexual selection, chaberts vanga, long, peabody museum, open landscape, exceeding, young, birds iii, encyclopedia, ft, habitat, genus, nest, longipes species, reproductive, oz, yellow-throated longclaw, high, fruit, northwestern queensland, eastern, captive-breeding program, london, gymnops species, names, subspecies, birds, flight, terra firme, subfamily, virginianus species, order, utility pole, agricultural land-use, mutual preening, female, terrible roaring, characteristics, conservation status threatened, hawaiian islands, fecal sack, silky flycatcher, plumage, small, common, costa rica, including, feeding, cinereifrons species, ground, perch, steep bank, resident, british isles, del hoyo, male, suitable significance, tree, microbiology faculty, amazonian basin, year, white, het speihuis, rocky mountains, democratic republic, grzimek, jaunty demeanor, time, psittacids ara, threatened, causative agent, cm oz, display, dominican republic, atypical, distribution, conservation