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"ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES LIBRARY VOLUME 22 Editor-in-Chief Robert Sadourny Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique du CNRS Ecole Normale Superieure Paris, France Editorial Advisory Board L. Bengtsson A. Berger P.J. Crutzen J.R. Garratt G. Geernaert M. Hantel A. Hollingsworth H. Kelder T.N. Krishnamurti R Malanotte-Rizzoli S.G.H. Philander D. Randall J.-L. Redelsperger R.D. Rosen S.H. Schneider C.J.E. Schuurmans J.C. Wyngaard Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany Universite Catholique Louvain, Belgium Max-Planck-Institut fuer Chemie, Mainz, Germany CSIRO Aspendale, Victoria, Australia DMU-FOLU Roskilde, Denmark Universitat Wien, Austria European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts Reading, UK KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) De Bilt, The Netherlands The Florida State University Tallahassee, FL U.S.A. MIT Cambridge, MA U.S.A. Princeton University NJ U.S.A. Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO U.S.A. METO-FRANCE Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques Toulouse, France AER Inc. Cambridge, MA U.S.A. Stanford University CA U.S.A. Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht University The Netherlands Pennsylvania State University University Park PA U.S.A. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. NONLINEAR PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: A Dynamical Systems Approach to the Large Scale Ocean Circulation and El Nino by HENK A. DIJKSTRA Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht Department of Physics and Astronomy, Utrecht University, Utrecht The Netherlands KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT BOSTON LONDON x90 I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-7923-6522-4 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht The Netherlands Sold and distributed in North Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers 101 Philip Drive Norwell MA 02061 U.S.A. In all other countries sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved (c) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner Printed in the Netherlands To Julia Joost Bas and Anneloes my companions over large distances and long periods of time" Ключевые слова: science, cycle, chapter, basin, equation, nonlinear physical, case, qaca qbcb, velocity, boundary condition, labrador sea, bifurcation diagram, dt, spatial scale, forcing, cold tongue, field, plotted, steady, diagram, xo, east-basin trapping, gulf stream, seasonal cycle, van loan, wind, coupled, benjamin franklin, hopf bifurcation, phys, zonal, coordinate, multiple, hb, wind stress, bogdanov-takens bifurcation, ax, unresolved scale, variability, feedback, separated gulfstream, british archive, stress, hermite polynomial, parameter, salinity, floquet exponent, layer, isbn, boundary, unstable, rl, shear stress, circulation, perturbation, oscillation, newton process, year, mode, atmos, cold, physical, biurcation problems, meridional wind, topex-poseidon mission, freshwater flux, horizontal shear, stable, lx y, anomaly, nonlinear, nonlinear physical oceanography, enso, small, thermohaline, sea, considered, equatorial, niiio, actual ordering, newton iteration, atmosphere, ice cap, method, flux, pb sb, north atlantic, intended, solution, coarser grid, bi bi, ocean, vertical shear, ice age, russian isbn, meridional scale, geophysical, scale, -c ma, technique, change, fresh-water flux, russian rev, warm pool, bifurcation, stability, cold wall, periodic, nina, multipass image, younger dryas, pacific, kinematic viscosity, implicit mixing, saddle node, ha, cartesian coordinate, structure, milankovitch cycle, zonal averaging, staggered grid, oceanography, result, atlantic, physical oceanography, sciences, nature, norwegian sea, behavior, vorticity, north-american coast, meridional, mar, ao, amplitude, condition, -slip, branch, von storch, floquet multiplier, pattern, causal chain, fluid mechanic, delayed oscillator, sst, equilibrium, thermocline, wa, dutch river, newton-raphson iteration, unstably stratified, orbit, water, period, vertical displacement, local stencil, model, drake passage, north, problem, transcritical bifurcation, cape hatteras, region, stably stratified, matrix, albersen muziek, arnold tongue, gulf, eigenvalue, ocean circulation, vertical, xo ao, box, meridional wall, local coordinate, delayed feedback, function, frequency, point, vector, lateral wall, dimensional, time, meridional coordinate, wave, nino, north-south boundary, kinematic condition, good entrance, freshwater, ice core, regime, temperature, time scale, los angeles, term, incomplete factorization, surface, stream, lateral boundary, process, instability, restoring condition, transport, tropical ocean-atmosphere, heat, continental boundary, response, flow, climate, large