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"ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION Third Edition F. PASQUILL, D.Sc., F.R.S. & F.B. SMITH, Ph.D. Senior Principal Scientific Officer Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire ELLIS HORWOOD LIMITED Publishers • Chichester Halsted Press: a division of JOHN WILEY & SONS New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Ontario First published in 1983 by ELLIS HORWOOD LIMITED Market Cross House, Cooper Street, Chichester, West Sussex, PO1 9 1EB, England The publishers colophon is reproduced from James Gillison's drawing of the ancient Market Cross, Chichester. Distributors: Australia, New Zealand, South-east Asia: Jacaranda-Wiley Ltd., Jacaranda Press, JOHN WILEY & SONS INC., G.P.O. Box 859, Brisbane, Queensland 40001, Australia Canada: JOHN WILEY & SONS CANADA LIMITED 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada. Europe, Africa: JOHN WILEY & SONS LIMITED Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, England. North and South America and the rest of the world: Halsted Press: a division of JOHN WILEY & SONS 605 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016, U.S.A. (c)1983 F. Pasquill and F.B. Smith Ellis Horwood Ltd. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Pasquill, F. Atmospheric diffusion. 3rd ed. 1. Atmospheric turbulence 2. Diffusion 3. Air Pollution I. Title II. Smith, F.B. 551.545 3 QC882 Library of Congress Card No. 83-219 ISBN 0-85312-426-4 (Ellis Horwood Ltd., Publishers Library Edn.) ISBN 0-85312-587-2 (Ellis Horwood Ltd., Publisher's Student Edn.) ISBN 0-470-27404-2 (Halsted Press) Typeset in Press Roman by Ellis Horwood Ltd. Printed in Great Britain by R. J. Acford, Chichester. COPYRIGHT NOTICE All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of Ellis Horwood Limited, Market Cross House, Cooper Street, Chichester, West Sussex, England. Table of Contents Preface Notation and Symbols 1 Introduction and Brief Outline 2 Turbulence in Atmospheric Diffusion 2.1 Essentials in the statistical description of turbulent flow 2.2 The mean-flow properties of the boundary layer 2.3 Thermal stratification and the maintenance of turbulent kinetic energy 2.4 Spectral representation - its significance and limitations 2.5 The small-scale structure of atmospheric turbulence 2.6 The statistics of boundary layer turbulence 2.7 Lagrangian properties 3 Theoretical Treatments of the Diffusion of Material 3.1 Eddy diffusivity and the gradient transfer approach 3.2 Solutions of the equations of diffusion 3.3 Similarity theory applied to diffusion 3.4 Statistical theory of dispersion from a continuous source 3.5 Applications and extensions of Taylor's theory 3.6 Stochastic modelling of diffusion 3.7 The expanding cluster 3.8 Diffusion of falling particles 3.9 The fluctuation of concentration 3.10 The effect of wind shear on horizontal spread 4 Experimental Studies of the Basic Features of Atmospheric Diffusion 4.1 Principles of technique and analysis 4.2 The form of the cross-wind distribution at short range from a maintained point source 4.3 The magnitude of the cross-wind spread from a maintained point source 4.4 The explicit relation between cross-wind spread and the statistics of wind fluctuations 4.5 Vertical diffusion from a near-surface release of passive particles 4.6 Generalizations in terms of theories of vertical diffusion 4.7 Dispersion from an elevated source 4.8 The growth of clusters of particles 5 The Distribution of Windborne Material from Real Sources 5.1 The rise of hot effluent 5.2 Deposition of airborne material 5.3 The distribution of gaseous effluent from industrial stacks 5.4 Effects of surface features. 5.5 Pollution in urban areas 6 The Estimation of Local Diffusion and Air Pollution from Meteorological Data 6.1 Qualitative features of diffusion and their variation with weather conditions 6.2 Special meteorological factors in diffusion calculations 6.3 Dispersion formulae for the local distribution of concentration from surface releases 6.4 Estimation of vertical diffusion, from a surface release, through the depth of the boundary layer 6.5 Allowance for elevation of source and for plume rise 6.6 Presentation of dispersion estimates in terms of routine meteorological data 6.7 Mathematical modelling for multiple sources 6.8 Estimates using routine meteorological data and historical data on pollution 6.9 Limitations and uncertainties in meteorological estimates of pollution 7 Dispersion over Distances Dominated by Mesoscale and Synoptic Scale Motions 7.1 The atmosphere on a large scale 7.2 Dispersion into the whole atmosphere 7.3 Mesoscale dispersion 7.4 Long-range transport and the acid rain problem 7.5 Long-range transport models References Index" Ключевые слова: energy-containing eddy, surface, continuous, transfer, eulerian, water vapour, turbulent energy, local isotropy, turbulent flux, quart, air, function, deviation, sulphur dioxide, observation, cloud, stronger wind, electrical filter, ui xi, turbulence, estimate, power station, source, magnitude, sheppard advances, trans, pollution, average, variation, small, spread, experimental studies, point, crosswind, spectrum, pressure force, turbulent mixing, underlying surface, horizontal speed, sulphur pollutant, ch, measurement, surface-stress layer, case, density stratification, unit length, atmosphere, boundary layer, data, flow, cluster, wind azimuth, overcast condition, component, neutral-stable condition, term, rough terrain, scale, number, eddy, profile, taylors hypothesis, atmos, general impression, kinetic energy, tech, theoretical, statistical, hay-pasquill approach, yield, app, ri, paper, long-range transport, environ, condition, table, energy, horizontal, frequency, smith, dispersion, model, fine structure, bi-directionalvane trace, equation, met, wind tunnel, small-scale structure, ground, neutral, ha, plume, level, relative, expert meeting, distance, busingers, inertial subrange, schematic representation, vertical transport, theoretical treatments, surface heating, taylor, stable, hl, dimensional, thermal stratification, eq eq, passive particles, sampling, layer, lagrangian, correlation, approach, result, turbulent spread, shearing stress, press, los angeles, natural wind, fluctuation, fixed relative, wind fluctuations, passive contaminant, meteorological, eq ha, diffusion, wa, wind inclination, parameter, unit area, sci, idaho falls, atomic energy, similarity, analysis, roy, time, property, diffusive spread, visible outline, quart met, large, simple, spectral density, theory, receptor square, met soc, mesos model, acid precipitation, wind, eq, assumed, finite layer, effort, reidel publishing, fine-scale structure, shape, discussion, material, velocity, turbulent, note, halsted press, prairie grass, concentration, poll, atmospheric pollution, oneill nebraska, field, visible area, flux-gradient relationship, atmospheric, flux, lycopodium spore, turbulent exchange, report, effluent emitted, inherent lack, release, mixed-layer similarity, dyers, earths surface, height, deeper layer, smoke, van dop, mixed layer, experiment, van ulden, form, solution, relation, statistical description, speed, appl, good deal, receiving surface, outline, particle, vertical, soc, constant, spatial pattern, study, heat, reidel pubushing, distribution, boundary, turbulent component, inertial sub-range, range, spectral