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_Aerosol CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE ENVIRONMENT © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Edited by Kvetoslav R. Spurny Special Editorial Consultant Dieter Hochrainer © 2000 by CRC Press LLC LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Aerosol chemical processes in the environment / K.R. Spurny, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87371-829-1 (alk. paper) 1. Aerosols—Environmental aspects I. Spurny, Kvetoslav QC882.42.A32 2000 541.3?.4515—dc21 99-089288 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $0.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-87371-829-1 $0.00+$0.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-87371-829-1 Library of Congress Card Number 99-089288 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Dedication and Acknowledgment This volume is dedicated to its editor, Kvetoslav R. Spurny, whose untimely death on November 3, 1999 shocked and saddened all associated with its publication. CRC Press Lewis Publishers is privileged to have had a long-standing relationship with Dr. Spurny, whose deep interest in science, drive to initiate and complete tasks, and kind personality are as integral to his publishing file as the tangible documents therein. The Publisher sincerely regrets that aerosol science has lost one of its founding fathers, a great scientist, and a renowned contributor to the literature in this field. Furthermore, the Publisher gratefully acknowledges Dr. Dieter Hochrainer of Boehringer Ingelheim, Dr. Spurny's former colleague at the Fraunhofer Institute, for his assistance in the final production of this book. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Acknowledgments The editor is extremely grateful to the authors for their excellent contributions. They have not only contributed to broader information on the progress, state of the art, and new concepts in the field of aerosol chemical processes but also recognized the need for a monograph in aerosol chemistry. The editor would like to thank the staff of Lewis Publishers, a division of CRC Press LLC, for their substantial help with the realization of this book. The authors are globally distributed and, for the majority of them, English is not their mother tongue. Without the great, patient, and highly professional support of the publishers, the realization of this book would not have been possible. All—authors and publishers—have done an excellent job for aerosol science and aerosol scientists. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Preface Aerosol science today is an interdisciplinary branch of science that incorporates several environmental, biological, and technological research fields. In a conference organized in Prague (Czechoslovakia) in 1962, we were able to bring together lecturers from different scientific fields—physicists, chemists, meteorologists, biologists, physicians, hygienists, agrochemists, astrophysicists, etc.—and from several different countries. The conference showed the important role of aerosols and aerosol research in many basic and applied scientific and technological fields (Spurny, K., Ed., Aerosols, Physical Chemistry and Applications, Academia Publ. House, Prague, 1965). Furthermore, the interdisciplinary cooperation was found to be very useful and necessary. I also remember the important role of chemistry in basic and applied aerosol research in a contribution published in 1971 (Spurny, K.R., A note on the development of the chemistry of aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 2, 389, 1971). Now, being retired and 75 years old, I still feel that there is a need for more synthetic work in aerosol chemistry, consisting of summarizing and evaluating the very many aerosol chemical publications dispersed in the various journals among several disciplines. Nevertheless, such a task is not easily realized. It is perhaps beyond the feasibility of one or more editors to organize and compile a monograph like the Aerosol Chemistry Handbook, which would include and describe all or the most important aerosol chemical processes involved in already known scientific and technological areas. We consider this book a partial contribution to such a task. We have picked up several examples that show the impact of aerosol chemistry in several fields, mainly in basic and atmospheric research. American, European, and Japanese colleagues have substantially contributed to the realization of this book. I would like to thank them very much and hope their contributions will be helpful and useful to the readers. Kvetoslav R. Spurny © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Editor Prof. Dr. Kvetoslav R. Spurny was Head of the Department of Aerosol Chemistry at the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology in Germany from 1972 to 1988. After his retirement, he continued to work as an aerosol chemist. Prior to this, he was an environmental chemist at the Institute for Occupational Hygiene in Prague (1952 to 1956) and Head of the Department of Aerosol Sciences at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague (1957 to 1972). He was a Visiting Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, (1966 to 1967) and Visiting Scientist at the Nuclear Research Center, Fontenay aux Roses, France, in 1969. Dr. Spurny obtained his diploma in Physics and Chemistry from Charles University, Prague, in 1948, a Ph.D. in chemistry at the same university in 1952, and a C.Sc. as a Candidate of Chemical Sciences at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague in 1964. Professor Spurny was a member of the American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Aerosol Research, British Occupational Hygiene Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, and was president of the Association for Aerosol Research from 1983 to 1984. He wrote three books on aerosols and over 150 original publications in aerosol physics and chemistry. In 1989, he was the recipient of the American David Sinclair Award in Aerosol Sciences. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Contributors Kai Bester Institute of Organic Chemistry Hamburg, Germany J?nos Bobvos Municipal Institute of the State Public Health Officer Service Budapest, Hungary Mikhail V. Buikov Institute of Radioecology Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kiev, Ukraine Miroslav Chom?t Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic I. Colbeck Department of Biological Sciences University of Essex Colchester, U.K. Marco Del Monte Dipartamento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-ambientali Bologna, Italy K. Hang Fung Department of Applied Science Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Mario Gallorini CNR Centro di Radiochimica e Analisi per Attivazione Universit? di Pavia Italy Alexandra Gogou Department of Chemistry Division of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry University of Crete Heraklion, Crete, Greece A. Hachimi Laboratoire de Spectrom?trie de Masse et Chimie Laser IPEM Metz, France Heinrich H?hnerfuss Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford, California Satoshi Kadowaki Aichi Environmental Research Center Nagoya, Japan Ivan Kas??k Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic G. Krier Laboratoire de Spectrom?trie de Masse et Chimie Laser IPEM Metz, France Markku Kulmala Department of Physics University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Ari Laaksonen Department of Applied Physics University of Kuopio Kuopio, Finland Claude Landron Centre de Recherches sur les Mat?riaux ? Haute Temperature Orl?ans, France Willy Maenhaut University of Gent Gent, Belgium Vlastimil Mate?jec Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic P. M?riaudeau CNRS Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse Villeurbanne, France Javier Miranda Department of Experimental Physics Instituto de F?sica Universidad Nacional Aut?noma de M?xico Mexico, D.F., Mexico J.F. Muller Laboratoire de Spectrom?trie de Moleculaire et Ionique Universit? 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