U-X-L encyclopedia of science
Book 1 of Methods of laboratory mineralogical-petrographic and geochemical research
Language: English
37.27.00=Hydrology 38.31.00=Paleontology 38.41.00=Methods of laboratory mineralogical-petrographic and geochemical research 39.25.00=Medical Geography ENCYCLOPEDIA Methods of laboratory mineralogical-petrographic and geochemical research acid air anal fin animal annual shift apnea cessation aqueous humor archive photos area artificial sweetener atmosphere atmospheric optical atom auto big bang blood body brain carbon case catalytic convertor cell century change chemical chlorinated dioxin cleft palate colloidal dispersion compound condition corpus callosum current daddy longlegs day deciduous plants declined disease disorder earth ectotherm cold-blooded einthoven electric electrical electrically charged electromagnetic induction electron element endoplasmic reticulum energy entamoeba histolytica entire expanse explosives explosives fennec fox field flow food force form function galapagos islands gas gastric juice golden jackal grand mal group haptic enhancement heat hexachlorophene high highly contagious human hydrogen ill include indian subcontinent initial enthusiasm intestinal tract jlm visuals kilometer lamarckism giraffe law layer level life light liquid long mass materia medica material matter mental retardation metal method minerals minerals molecule monthly shedding mount everest mount kilimanjaro mount mckinley national aeronautics national institutes national oceanic natural nia nias nio nobel prize nobel prizes nuclear nucleus number oberlin college object occurs ocean olfactory epithelium organism orion nebula oxygen pancreatic duct parasites parasites particle paul butler pectoral girdle pelvic girdle people percent percival lowell permanent disability permission person photo researchers pia mater place planet plant point polychlorinated biphenyls pontiac fever potato blight pressure problem process produce produced product radiation rapid pace reaction red-cockaded woodpecker reproduced reproduced permission result rock rocky mountains roman goddess roman numeral scientist silent conflict simian jackal sojourner rover space space-time continuum special exemption specie spinal cord star statistics statistics stellar dynamo structure study substance sun surface temperature term thale cress theory thermal inversion thermal plume time type typhoid fever tyrannosaurus rex umbilical cord unit united upright posture ural mountains ursa major vast platelike vena cava vestal virgin vhs videotape vice versa water wave work year zona pellucida
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_VOLUMES 1 - 10_, _EoS-ttlpgs1 7 30c.qx4 3 4 04 8:53 PM Page1 Second Edition_ Rob Nagel, Editor? Rob Nagel, Editor Staff Elizabeth Shaw Grunow, U•X•L Editor Julie Carnagie, Contributing Editor Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Associate (Pictures) Robyn Young, Imaging and Multimedia Content Editor Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Designer Michelle Cador?e, Indexing GGS Information Services, Typesetting On the front cover: Nikola Tesla with one of his generators, reproduced by permission of the Granger Collection. On the back cover: The flow of red blood cells through blood vessels, reproduced by permission of Phototake. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data _U-X-L encyclopedia of science.—2nd ed. Rob Nagel, editor p.cm._ Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v.1. A-As — v.2. At-Car — v.3. Cat-Cy — v.4. D-Em — v.5. En-G — v.6. H-Mar — v.7. Mas-O — v.8. P-Ra — v.9. Re-St — v.10. Su-Z Summary: Includes 600 topics in the life, earth, and physical sciences as well as in engineering, technology, math, environmental science, and psychology. ISBN 0-7876-5432-9 (set : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5433-7 (v.1 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5434-5 (v.2 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5435-3 (v.3 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5436-1 (v.4 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5437-X (v.5 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5438-8 (v.6 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5439-6 (v.7 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5440-X (v.8 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5441-8 (v.9 : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5775-1 (v.10 : acid-free paper) 1\. Science—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2\. Technology—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. _1\. Science—Encyclopedias._ 2\. Technology—Encyclopedias._ I. Title: UXL encyclopedia of science. II. Nagel, Rob. Q121.U18 2001 503-dc21 2001035562 This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2002 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Reader’s Guide. Volume 1: A-As. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 2: At-Car. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 3: Cat-Cy. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 4: D-Em. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 5: En-G. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 6: H-Mar. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 7: Mas-O. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, 2nd Edition Contents Volume 8: P-Ra. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 9: Re-St. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv Volume 10: Su-Z. Where to Learn More. xxxi Index. xxxv vi U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, 2nd Edition Demystify scientific theories, controversies, discoveries, and phenomena with the U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, Second Edition. This alphabetically organized ten-volume set opens up the entire world of science in clear, nontechnical language. More than 600 entries—an increase of more than 10 percent from the first edition—provide fascinating facts covering the entire spectrum of science. This second edition features more than 50 new entries and more than 100 updated entries. These informative essays range from 250 to 2,500 words, many of which include helpful sidebar boxes that highlight fascinating facts and phenomena. Topics profiled are related to the physical, life, and earth sciences, as well as to math, psychology, engineering, technology, and the environment. In addition to solid information, the Encyclopedia also provides these features: • “Words to Know” boxes that define commonly used terms • Extensive cross references that lead directly to related entries • A table of contents by scientific field that organizes the entries • More than 600 color and black-and-white photos and technical drawings • Sources for further study, including books, magazines, and Web sites Each volume concludes with a cumulative subject index, making it easy to locate quickly the theories, people, objects, and inventions discussed throughout the U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, Second Edition. ix U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, 2nd Edition Reader’s Guide Suggestions We welcome any comments on this work and suggestions for entries to feature in future editions of U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science. Please write: Editors, U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, U•X•L, Gale Group, 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 48331-3535; call toll-free: 800-877-4253; fax to: 248-699-8097; or send an e-mail via www.galegroup.com. x U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, 2nd Edition Acoustics Acoustics Compact disc Diffraction Echolocation Magnetic recording audiocassette Sonar Ultrasonics Video recording 1:17 3:531 4:648 4:720 6:1209 9:1770 10:1941 10:1968 Aerodynamics Aerodynamics Fluid dynamics 1:39 5:882 Aeronautical engineering Aircraft Atmosphere observation Balloon Jet engine Rockets and missiles 1:74 2:215 1:261 6:1143 9:1693 Aerospace engineering International Ultraviolet Explorer 6:1120 Boldface indicates volume numbers. Rockets and missiles 9:1693 Satellite 9:1707 Spacecraft, manned 9:1777 Space probe 9:1783 Space station, international 9:1788 Telescope U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, 2nd Edition xi Entries by Scientific Field Brain 2:337 Cholesterol 3:469 Chromosome 3:472 Circulatory system 3:480 Digestive system 4:653 Ear 4:693 Endocrine system 5:796 Excretory system 5:839 Eye 5:848 Heart 6:1037 Human Genome Project 6:1060 Immune system 6:1082 Integumentary system 6:1109 Lymphatic system 6:1198 Muscular system 7:1309 Nervous system 7:1333 Physiology 8:1516 Reproductive system 9:1667 Respiratory system 9:1677 Skeletal system 9:1739 Smell 9:1750 Speech 9:1796 Taste 10:1861 lvi U•X•L Encyclopedia of Science, 2nd Edition Plasma 2: 326, 7: 1246 Plasma membrane 3: 432 Plastic surgery 8: 1527-1531, 1530 (ill.), 10: 1857 Plastics 8: 1532-1534, 1532 (ill.) Plastids 3: 436 Plate tectonics 8: 1534-1539, 1536 (ill.), 1538 (ill.) Platelets 2: 329 Platinum 8: 1566, 1569-1570 Pluto (planet) 8: 1539-1542, 1541 (ill.) Pneumonia 9: 1681 Pneumonic plague 8: 1520 Poisons and toxins 8: 1542-1546, 1545 (ill.) Polar and nonpolar bonds 3: 456 Poliomyelitis 8: 1546-1549, 1548 (ill.), 10: 1958 Pollination 5: 880-882 Pollution 1: 9, 8: 1549-1558, 1554 (ill.), 1557 (ill.) Pollution control 8: 1558-1562, 1559 (ill.), 1560 (ill.) Polonium 7: 1449, 1450 Polygons 8: 1562-1563, 1562 (ill.) Polymers 8: 1563-1566, 1565 (ill.) Polysaccharides 2: 388 Pompeii 5: 828, 10: 1997 Pons, Stanley 7: 1371 Pontiac Fever 6: 1181 Pope Gregory XIII 2: 373 Porpoises 3: 448 Positive reinforcement. See Reinforcement, positive and negative Positron 1: 163, 4: 772 Positron-emission tomography. See PET scans Positrons 10: 1832, 1834 Post-itTM notes 1: 38 Post-traumatic stress disorder 9: 1826 Potassium 1: 102 Potassium salts 6: 1095 Potential difference 4: 738, 744 Pottery 3: 447 Praseodymium 6: 1163 Precambrian era 5: 988, 8: 1459 Precious metals 8: 1566-1570, 1568 (ill.) Pregnancy, effect of alcohol on 1: 87 Pregnancy, Rh factor in 9: 1684 Pressure 8: 1570-1571 Priestley, Joseph 2: 394, 404, 3: 525, 7: 1345, 1444 Primary succession 10: 1837, 2026 Primates 8: 1571-1575, 1573 (ill.), 1574 (ill.) Probability theory 8: 1575-1578 Procaryotae 2: 253 Progesterone 5: 800 Projectile motion. 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