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ENCYCLOPEDIA TO FLANDFORMS AND OTHER GEOLOGIC FEATURES Rob Nagel THOMSON * GALE Detroit • New York • San Diego • San Francisco • Cleveland • New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich THOMSON * GALE U*X*L Encyclopedia of Landforms and Other Geologic Features Rob Nagel Project Editor Diane Sawinski Permissions Lori Hines (c)2004 by U*X*L. U*X*L is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. U*X*L(r) is a registered trademark used herein under license. Thomson Learning(tm) is a trademark used herein under license. For more information contact: The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com Imaging and Multimedia Robyn Young Product Design Michelle DiMercurio ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via the Web at http://www.galeedit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Composition Evi Seoud Manufacturing Rita Wimberley Cover photo reproduced by permission of PhotoDisc and Getty Images. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement by the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Nagel, Rob Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data UXL encyclopedia of landforms and other geologic features Rob Nagel. p. cm. Summary: Explores the physical structure of Earth's landforms including what they are, how they look, how they were created and change over time, and major geological events associated with each. Includes bibliographical references (p.xxix). ISBN 0-7876-7611-X (set hardcover) - ISBN 0-7876-7670-5 (Volume 1) - ISBN 0-7876-7671-3 (Volume 2) - ISBN 0-7876-7672-1 (Volume 3) 1. Landforms—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2. Physical geography—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. _1. Landforms—Encyclopedias. 2. Physical geography—Encyclopedias._ I. Title: Encyclopedia of landforms and other geologic features. II. Title. GB406.N35 2003 551.4 Г 03-dc22 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Contents Readers Guide vii Geologic Timescale xi Words to Know xiii VOLUME 1 Basin to Dune and other desert features 1 Basin 1 Canyon 13 Cave 31 Coast and shore 43 Continental margin 57 Coral reef 69 Delta 83 Dune and other desert features VOLUME Fault to Mountain 9 Fault 117 Floodplain 131 Geyser and hot spring. . . 143 Glacial landforms and features Landslide and other gravity movements Mesa and butte Meteorite crater Mountain VOLUME J Ocean basin to Volcano 17 Ocean basin 18 Plain 19 Plateau 20 Stream and river. . . 265 Valley 22 Volcano Where to Learn More txxix Index txli Ключевые слова: flood, geosciences university, mile kilometer, york, geyser, pressure, rocky mountains, valley, continental, black hills, geysers, september floods, volcanic, earth surface, mount kailas, flow, mountains, nsidc orgglaciers, block, hydrogen sulfide, landslides, meteorite, slope, gradual wearing, geologic, time, type, impacts lunar, dense heavier, planet, surface, flat bench, photograph reproduced, plates large, hill, ha, urban development, himalayan mountains, form, park, rigid uppermost, national park, landscape, deposit, geology, crater, gale group, erosion, native americans, steep-sided ledge, extreme temperature, neve fjord, great geysir, glacial drift, formed, colin pain, eventually flowing, land, steep, revised, lateral moraine, www everestnews, press, impact structures, medial moraine, great distance, sun producing, small, periodically erupts, american southwest, mile, region, deposited, september mesas, university, circular current, angled downward, meter, seattle university, htm september, html, plate, seeped, mount everest, pronounced, monument valley, downward, cliff, meteor shower, temperature exceeding, impact, soil, ocean, september mustoe, dissolved gas, british columbia, varying distance, mineral, hot spring, features, earth, geological, geological survey, fault, stream, glaciers, floodwater slows, sediment, publications, outwash plain, north, glowing fragment, square mile, surrounding valley, volcanoes, encyclopedia landforms, plateau, august, connected forty-eight, berkeley, floodplain, southern hemisphere, area, dense, volcanic gas, books, centuries revised, magma, continental margin, microscopic organism, beneath, smallest silt, material, river, force, mines government, feature, debris, landslides nearctica, movement, large, wa, mountain, glacial, cut, ice, created, encyclopedia, foot meter, sand, convection current, water, mass, rugged, base, spring, naturally subject, worlds longest, landslides slumps, layer, corbis corporation, scenery revised, crust, wind, national, jigsaw puzzle, evans glaciers, continental shelf, foot, landforms, landforms geologic, www gale, sedimentary rocks, chemical makeup, constant contact, richter scale, snow, volcano, hot, earthquake, short distance, calcium carbonate, sudden failure, wisconsin-stevens point, year, high, kilometer, geologic features, sloping pile, chemical fertilizer, september, hot springs, photo researchers, cliff generated, frictional contact, coral, mesa, gravity, htm, causing adjacent, flat-topped hill, comlibraryblimagesblbutte htm, rock, particle, vast majority, profile suggesting, mediterranean sea, sulfur dioxide, rise, gov, farmington hills, mass-wasting department, glacier