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Building the Ecological City Preface X Acronyms xiii Other abbreviations xiv Part I Introduction 1 Cities for the new millennium 1.1 Cities as a metaphor for Western society 1.2 The urban environment and human health 1.3 The urban management challenge 1.4 How to use this book 1.5 Websites 1.6 Further reading Part II Metabolism: how urban ecosystems work It isn't waste until you waste it 2.1 Land use and urban metabolism 2.2 Sources and types of solid waste 2.3 Collection and treatment options 2.4 Improving our management of the solid waste stream 2.5 Conclusion 2.6 Websites 2.7 Further reading 3 Energy and emissions to the air 3.1 Emissions to the air 3.2 Cities and energy 3.3 Air masses and air movements 3.4 Energy sources 3.5 Energy uses 3.6 Energy users 3.7 Conclusion 3.8 Websites 3.9 Further reading 4 Cities and the hydrological cycle 4.1 The hydrological cycle 4.2 Urbanisation and water use 4.3 Urban impacts on the hydrological cycle 4.4 Urbanisation and water management 4.5 Climate, climate change and water supply 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Websites 4.8 Further reading Part III Pathology: what's gone wrong? 5 Urban land: asset or liability? 5.1 Paying for the past 5.2 Contaminated land and urban blight 5.3 Landfills - yesterday's solution 5.4 Problematic building materials 5.5 Underground storage tanks 5.6 Subsidence 5.7 Conclusion 5.8 Websites 5.9 Further reading 6 The air we breathe and the climate we are changing 6.1 The issues and the impacts 6.2 The mounting cost of poor health 6.3 Air quality management 6.4 Regional and stratospheric impacts 6.5 The changing climate 6.6 Living with higher temperatures 6.7 Extreme weather events 6.8 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the city 6.9 Conclusion 6.10 Websites 6.11 Further reading 7 The water we use and abuse 7.1 New challenges for water management 7.2 Water shortages 7.3 River basin floods 7.4 Urban floods 7.5 Health and water quality 7.6 The impact of climate change 7.7 Conclusion 7.8 Websites 7.9 Further reading Part IV Health: restoring urban ecosystem health 8 Restoring urban land to productive use 8.1 Reducing our ecological footprint 8.2 Reducing throughput 8.3 Density, proximity and variety 8.4 Improving the modal split 8.5 Redevelopment and reuse of brownfields 8.6 Energy from waste and biomass 8.7 Naturalising urban systems 8.8 Conservation of historic buildings and districts 8.9 Conclusion 8.10 Websites 8.11 Further reading 9 Clearing the air 9.1 An integrated approach 9.2 Energy conservation 9.3 Fuel switching 9.4 The transportation challenge 9.5 Conclusion 9.6 Websites 9.7 Further reading Part V Conclusions 10 Water - our most precious resource 10.1 Integrated watershed planning 10.2 Planning for climate change 10.3 Facing the urban flood issue 10.4 Water supply and energy use 10.5 Water treatment 10.6 Demand management 10.7 Conclusion 10.8 Websites 10.9 Further reading Part V Conclusions (continued) 11 International issues International aspects of human impacts on the biosphere Health and climate change Implications of the termination of the fossil fuel development model Potential for cities to lead the way International urban co-operation Emissions trading - the lure and the danger Conclusion Websites Further reading 12 Do we have the means to build the ecological city? 12.1 An ecological city: what does it really mean? 12.2 Urban lessons learned from recent extreme weather events 12.3 Case study: American cities at risk 12.4 Achieving what is already within our reach 12.5 Changing gear, or moving the game up to another level 12.6 Getting ahead of the problem 12.7 Conclusion 12.8 Websites 12.9 Further reading Appendix 1 Charter of European Cities and Towns Towards Sustainability (the Aalborg Charter) Appendix 2 Final Nagoya Declaration Contents ix Appendix 3 The 'Annex 1' countries: signatories to the Kyoto Protocol 219 Bibliography 220 Index 231 Ключевые слова: woodhead publishing, carbon dioxide, cycle, industrial revolution, chapter, johansson calthrop, personal transportation, fundamental change, case, behavioural change, environmental quality, community solidarity, technology, event, health, north america, meaningfully resolved, fuel, aalborg denmark, modern, area, international, air, water supply, environmental problems, wide open, poorer country, human occupant, activity, building ecological city, design storm, post-war period, greenhouse gas, solid, major, first flush, inter-basin transfer, local, greenhouse, local authorities, british isles, fossil fuel, table, building ecological, ohio valley, largest emitter, building, power, public, biogeochemical cycle, reed bed, surrounding farmland, year, northern hemisphere, heat wave, automobile, guide value, hugely inefficient, hydrological cycle, continental interior, multiple benefit, approach, sectoral mould, york, management, ultraviolet radiation, hydrological, ecological footprint, impervious surface, action, industry, synthetic chemical, western, corporate lending, sustainable fashion, waste, public transit, increase, gas, enhanced greenhouse, risk, great lakes, solution, swimming pool, highly contaminated, carbon tax, solid waste, landfill, change, websites, atmospheric change, environmental, impact, european unions, land, industrial, oxford, urban surface, subsidiary bodies, environmental studies, ha, household, ecological perspective, emission, society, oecd country, government, white, cost, resource, flood, introductory quotation, introduction, life, global warming, dioxide, nuclear facility, domestic equipment, carbon, united, historical record, town, environmental science, catchment area, local agenda, toronto, reduce, modal split, natural, congestion charge, demand, norwich climate, surrounding area, nuclear fuel, direct contact, flood-prone area, disease vector, future, wa, ecological city, integrated holistic, carbon cycle, quality, water, air quality, ecological, material, population, carbon lifestyle, traffic congestion, global climate, university, source, negotiating outwards, problem, ground-level ozone, international council, global, urban, opening quotation, lyme disease, urban dweller, fossil, carbon futures, press, london, return period, food chain, report, poor, climate change, cold homes, difficult, energy, rich, time, sustainable, development, green infrastructure, uk, cities, people, issue, traffic jam, earthscan, level, los angeles, term, river, city, responses eds, lead, canada, living, le, reduction, process, environmental engineering, supply, intergovernmental panel, sulphur dioxide, transport, work, environment, country, including, bank, rural area, international affairs, developing countries, site, climate, human