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Second Edition Organic Pollutants An Ecotoxicological Perspective C. H. Walker With contribution from Charles Tyler Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-6258-8 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walker, C H (Colin Harold) 1936 Organic Pollutants An Ecotoxicological Perspective Colin H Walker -- 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4200-6258-8 (alk paper) 1 Organic compounds Toxicology 2 Organic compounds Environmental aspects 3 Environmental toxicology I Title RA1235 W35 2009 6159'5--dc22 2008030227 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http: www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http: www.crcpress.com Contents Preface to First Edition xiii Preface to Second Edition xv Acknowledgments in First Edition xvii PART 1 Basic Principles Chapter 1 Chemical Warfare 3 11 Introduction 3 12 Plant–Animal Warfare 4 121 Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants 4 122 Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins Produced by Plants 8 13 Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms 10 131 Toxins Produced by Animals 10 132 Microbial Toxins 11 14 Human-Made Chemical Weapons 13 15 Summary 15 Further Reading 15 Chapter 2 Factors Determining the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants to Animals and Plants 17 21 Introduction 17 22 Factors That Determine Toxicity and Persistence 19 23 Toxicokinetics 21 231 Uptake and Distribution 21 232 Metabolism 24 2321 General Considerations 24 2322 Monooxygenases 26 2323 Esterases and Other Hydrolases 36 2324 Epoxide Hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.63) 40 2325 Reductases 41 2326 Conjugases 42 2327 Enzyme Induction 48 233 Storage 50 234 Excretion 51 2341 Excretion by Aquatic Animals 52 2342 Excretion by Terrestrial Animals 52 Chapter 3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Environmental Fate 67 31 Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the Gross Environment 68 32 Models of Environmental Fate 70 33 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Metabolism and Disposition 71 34 Summary 72 Further Reading 73 Chapter 4 Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and Ecosystems 75 41 Introduction 75 42 Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains 75 43 Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments 81 44 Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals—the Biomarker Approach 84 45 Biomarkers in a Wider Ecological Context 89 46 Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level 90 461 Population Dynamics 90 462 Population Genetics 93 47 Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and Ecosystems—the Natural World and Model Systems 96 48 New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks Presented by Chemicals 97 49 Summary 98 Further Reading 98 PART 2 Major Organic Pollutants Chapter 5 The Organochlorine Insecticides 101 51 Background 101 52 DDT _1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane_ 102 521 Chemical Properties 102 522 Metabolism of DDT 104 523 Environmental Fate of DDT 105 524 Toxicity of DDT 109 525 Ecological Effects of DDT 112 5251 Effects on Population Numbers 112 5252 Effects on Population Genetics (Gene Frequencies) 115 53 The Cyclodiene Insecticides 116 531 Chemical Properties 116 532 The Metabolism of Cyclodienes 117 533 Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes 119 534 Toxicity of Cyclodienes 122 535 Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes 124 5351 Effects on Population Numbers 124 5352 Development of Resistance to Cyclodienes 130 54 Hexachlorocyclohexanes 131 55 Summary 132 Further Reading 132 Chapter 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls 133 61 Background Ключевые слова: caused, apis mellifera, group, pollution, north america, spinal cord, dirty dozen, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, methyl, herring gull, food, oxidative desulfuration, polybrominated biphenyls, north sea, fate, enzyme, problem, preez, health, inhibition, organic pollutants, mode, science, pollutants, resistance, avian eggshell, cl, receptor, ergot alkaloid, hunting skill, eds, fish, soil, disruption, response, sweet clover, ecosystemsthe natural, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, causal chain, compound, striped dolphin, shell thickening, ddt, level, chain, property, rainbow trout, single meal, site, guinea pig, fat depot, irish sea, study, mode 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