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This page intentionally left blank The International Law of Environmental Impact Assessment: Process, Substance and Integration Neil Craik University of New Brunswick Cambridge University Press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo © Neil Craik 2008 ### Acknowledgments Table of cases Table of international instruments page xi xiii xvi Part I Introduction 1. Introduction and overview 3 1.1 EIAs and the process and substance of international law 3 1.2 Proceduralism, transnationalism and integration 6 1.3 EIAs and compliance 11 1.4 Overview 14 1.5 Method 16 Part II Background norms 2. Domestic origins of international EIA commitments 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Elements of domestic EIA processes 25 2.3 Domestic EIA structure: process and substance 34 2.4 The roles of domestic EIA processes 37 2.5 EIA in developing countries 42 2.6 Application of domestic EIA beyond the state 45 2.7 Conclusion 51 3. EIAs and general principles of international environmental law 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Nondiscrimination 55 3.3 The harm principle 59 3.4 The duty to cooperate 68 3.5 The proceduralization of the harm principle 72 3.6 Sustainable development 77 3.7 Conclusion 82 Part III EIA commitments in international law 4. Sources of international EIA commitments 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Explicit EIA commitments 90 4.2.1 Formally non-binding instruments 90 4.2.2 MEAs as a source of international EIA 96 4.2.3 EIA guideline documents 105 4.3 International organizations 108 4.4 EIA and interstate disputes 111 4.5 Customary obligations to perform EIAs 120 4.6 Elaboration of existing EIA commitments 126 4.7 Conclusion 129 5. The structure of international EIA commitments 132 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Screening 133 5.3 Scoping and the contents of EIA reports 139 5.4 Notification and consultation 141 5.5 Public participation 146 5.6 Final decisions 150 5.7 Post-project monitoring 153 5.8 Strategic environmental assessment 155 5.9 Implementation 159 5.10 Conclusion 161 5.10.1 Determinants of international EIA commitments 161 5.10.2 Structure of EIA commitments 167 Part IV The role of EIA commitments in international law 6. EIAs and compliance 175 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Implementation, compliance and effectiveness 178 6.3 Process-oriented compliance models 182 6.3.1 The managerial model Final decision 32–33 follow up 33–34 impact analysis and report preparation 30–31 Index 329 Ключевые слова: requirement, zillman alastair, environmental impact assessment, walter carlsnaes, decision, interdependence revisited, international dimension, principle, party, international, protocol, aw, press, james fishkin, law, obijiofor aginam, cumulative impacts, international environmental, twentieth century, institutional dimensions, injurious consequences, sess endorsed, coastal areas, sierra club, nuclear tests, obligation, highly subjective, normative dimension, harmful change, global, transboundary watercourses, harm principle, wa, kal raustiala, change statements, environmental impact, espoo, impact assessment, duty, tentative edition, norm, antarctic, general assembly, sustainable, environment, university, scienti?c, int org, ha, unsustainable arguments, jordan reinterpreting, structure, international watercourses, making, migratory species, ray clark, objective, sustainable development, iaia org, international law, caicos islands, espoo finland, colin warbrick, impact, iterative perspective, eia, global environmentalism, judicial activism, soviet union, approach, required, agency, wild flora, ibid, report, rule, proper management, eia process, ceaa-acee, process, article, international relations, context, pca-cpa org, international eia, doc, rural affairs, development, kenneth abbot, gaor sess, legitimacy, climate, form, post-project follow-up, theoretical issues, rev, change, regime, parties, interaction, environmental assessment, espoo convention, art, origin, eia commitment, radioactive isotope, yale, genetic diversity, common, dominant mode, natural resources, rio declarations, signi?cant, earlier draft, international organizations, kees bastmeijer, administrative entrepreneur, policy, joint body, require, doe, public, convention, ilm, private liabilities, domestic, commitment, role, harm, normative, sea, peter laslett, chayes, participation, serge taylor, environmental, point, international eia commitment, eias, energy resources, lal kurukulasuriya, transboundary, commission, larry canter, international trade, provide, result, project, gordian knot, international lawyers, francesco scovazzi, org, united, activity, nongovernmental organizations, arisen, procedural, plutonium oxide, level, force, inter alia, protection, michael byers, issue, consultation, nepas progeny, treaty, compliance, vaughan lowe, basis, thomas franck, consideration, case, harold jacobsen, liberal environmentalism, intervening variables, global warming, multiple facets, outcome, nepa, political, action forcing, ken booth, tullio francioni, steven bernstein, question, predicted change, broader pattern, domestic eia, obiora okafor, int, term, substantive, nature, usc, assessment, ungaor sess, standard, alan boyle, nuclear testing, international lawyer, proposed, decision making, jens steffek, global dimension, understanding, procedure, environmental law, good faith, legal, sensibility reections, steve smith, biological diversity, decision-making, review, concern, interdisciplinary scholarship, climate change, harmonious utilization