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This page intentionally left blank The Making of Green Knowledge Provides a wide-ranging introduction to the politics of the environment and the development of environmental knowledge. Focusing on recent quests for sustainable socio-economic development, it places environmental politics within a broad historical perspective and examines different political strategies and cultural practices that have emerged. **ANDREW JAMISON**, an American who has lived in Sweden since 1970, is now Professor of Technology and Society at the University of Aalborg. He co-authored *Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach* (1991), *Seeds of the Sixties* (1994), and *Music and Social Movements* (1998) with Ron Eyerman. The Making of Green Knowledge Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation Andrew Jamison Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments Introduction: On the ambiguities of greening 2. Social movements and knowledge-making 3. The dialectics of environmentalism 4. National shades of green 5. The challenge of green business 6. On the dilemmas of activism 7. Concluding reflections References Index 1 On the ambiguities of greening 16 Social movements and knowledge-making 45 The dialectics of environmentalism 71 National shades of green 98 The challenge of green business 123 On the dilemmas of activism 147 Concluding reflections Tables: 1 Environmental traditions, 2 Phases of environmentalism, 3 Cognitive regimes of sustainable development Acknowledgments This book has been such a long time in the making that there are many contributions to acknowledge. Let me start by thanking Aant Elzinga, who served as mentor, friend and colleague for all these years, and read through the almost final manuscript, giving me lots to mull over. Others who have read and commented on portions of the manuscript include Yrjo Haila, Maria Kousis, Trine Pipi Krümer, Jesper Lassen, Rolf Lidskog, Jeppe Løsøe, David Sonnenfeld, Joe Strahl, and an anonymous referee for Cambridge University Press. Thank you all; I think it has become a much better book for your efforts. Sarah Caro at Cambridge played a crucial nurturing role which was highly professional and appreciated, as did the copyediting of Christine Lyall Grant. In developing the ideas presented, several contributions were essential. Jacqueline Cramer and Jeppe Løsøe worked with Ron Eyerman in the 1980s when they compared environmental movements in Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Much of the theoretical and conceptual framework used in this book was developed at that time, and later together with Ron Eyerman in subsequent books on social movements. Other contributions came from Gan Lin, Bach Tan Sinh, Joe Strahl, and especially Erik Baark as we explored cultural dimensions of science and technology policy over many years. Let me thank Ron and Erik for providing a very special kind of intellectual collaboration that is reflected throughout the pages that follow. In 1996, I had the dubious honor of being given responsibility for coordinating a project in the European Union’s program on targeted socio-economic research, which provided immediate incentive to write this book. My partners – Mario Diani, Leonardas Rinkevicius, Johan Schot, Brian Wynne, and Per Søstby – are all thanked, as are our research assistants who made the project a true learning experience in many ways. Students and colleagues at Aalborg University and the Danish Center for Environmental Social Science have been subjected to countless versions of these chapters at courses and seminars. Arne Remmen and Eskild Holm Nielsen, my collaborators in the project The Industrial Appropriation of Pollution Prevention, were especially important in helping me understand Danish varieties of green knowledge-making as well as the Aalborg style of education. The book was written while I participated in another European project, The Transformation of Environmental Activism. I thank my partners and especially the project coordinator Chris Rootes for helping me bring my understanding up to date. Many people have invited me to make presentations at conferences and seminars, offering comments and suggestions that I tried to take into account during writing. Let me thank Ida Andersen, Marianne Bender, Maurie Cohen, Hans Glimell, Mogens Godballe, Robin Grove-White, Yrjo Haila, Maarten Hajer, Mikael Haard, Per Hillbur, Richard Norgaard, Richard Rogers, Harald Rohracher, Knut Sørensen, Per Srup, and Jane Summerton for giving me the opportunity to air my evolving ideas in public. Research costs money. Danish, Nordic and European taxpayers and their representatives made it possible for me to write this book. I acknowledge support from the European Union and the Nordic Environmental Research Program for the project on Public Engagement and Science and Technology Policy Options, as well as the Danish Strategic Environmental Research Program for the project on Industrial Appropriation of Pollution Prevention. On a personal note, finally, Margareta and Klara have probably suffered most as I let this book take over far too much attention during the last couple of years. Thank you all! Portions of this book appeared in preliminary versions in copyrighted publications: *Seeds of the Sixties* (co-author Ron Eyerman), University of California Press, 1994; *The Shaping of the Global Environmental Agenda: The Role of Non-governmental Organizations*, Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Brian Wynne, eds., Risk Environment Modernity: Towards a New Ecology, Sage Publications, 1996; *American Anxieties: Technology and the Reshaping of American Values* (co-author Mikael Haard), The MIT Press, 1998; *National Shades of Green: Comparing the Swedish and Danish Styles in Ecological Modernisation* (co-author Erik Baark), Environmental Values, no. 2, 1999: 119–218; *On the Ambiguities of Greening*, Innovation. The European Journal of Social Sciences, no. 3, 2000: 249–264; *Science, Technology and the Quest for Sustainable Development*, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, no. 1, 2001: 9–22; *Environmentalism in an Entrepreneurial Age: Refections on the Greening of Industry Network*, Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, no. 1, 2001: 1–13. Introduction Using ideas as my maps. . . Bob Dylan, “My Back Pages” (1964) Changes in culture and personality go hand in hand with our efforts to achieve a society that is ecological – a society based on usufruct, complementarity, and the irreducible minimum – but also recognizes the existence of a universal humanity and the claims of individuality. Murray Bookchin, *The Ecology of Freedom* (1982: 340) From recollections. . . I left the United States for Sweden in August 1970 in search of an ecological society. I have not yet found it, but through the years I have caught glimpses or premonitions of what an ecological society might be like. This book is among other things an attempt to put those experiences into a broader historical and cultural perspective. When I left for Sweden, I had just graduated from battle-scarred Harvard, having studied history of science and taken part in the antiwar movement and in the more all-encompassing “dialectics of liberation” that filled the air at the time (see Cooper 1968). I stumbled into environmentalism a couple of years before, attracted by its combination of practicality and vision, its mixing of science and spirituality, and perhaps especially by its uncanny ability to make bedfellows of people with the most seemingly incompatible interests. In those disheartening days when the shrill, aggressive voices of extremism were taking over the antiwar movement and the war itself was intensifying beyond belief, environmentalism served for me to reawaken the spirit of camaraderie and collective creativity that had all but disappeared from radical politics and were fast disappearing from public life in general. Environmentalism seemed to transcend ideological disputes and other sources of division like class, race, gender, and national identity that were tearing apart the movement I had known and felt a part of through much of the 1960s. 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