Description:

"Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo", "Josep h Pedlosk y Waves in the Ocean and Atmosphere Introduction to Wave Dynamics With 95 Figures Springer", "Author Dr. Joseph Pedlosky Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Department of Physical Oceanography Clark 363 MS 21 Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA e-mail: jpedlosky@whoi.edu ISBN 3-540-00340-1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied For Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http: dnb.ddb.de This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http: www.springer.de (c) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Dataconversion: Biiro Stasch, Bayreuth Printed on acid-free paper 32 3140 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface For over twenty years the Joint Program in Physical Oceanography of MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has based its education program on a series of core courses in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Physical Oceanography. One of the central courses is one on wave theory tailored to meet the needs of both physical oceanography and meteorology students. I have had the pleasure of teaching this course for many years, and I particularly enjoyed the response of the students to their exposure to the fascination of wave phenomena and theory. This book is a reworking of course notes that I prepared for the students, and I was encouraged by their enthusiastic response to reach a larger audience with this material. The emphasis both in the course and in this text is twofold: the development of basic ideas of wave theory and the description of specific types of waves of special interest to oceanographers and meteorologists. Throughout the course each wave type is introduced for its own intrinsic interest and importance as well as a vehicle for illustrating some general concept in the theory of waves. Topics covered range from small-scale surface gravity waves to large-scale planetary vorticity waves. Concepts such as energy transmission, reflection, potential vorticity, the equatorial wave guide, and normal modes are introduced one step at a time in the context of specific physical phenomena. Many topics associated with steady flows are also illustrated to great benefit through a consideration of wave theory and topics such as geostrophic adjustment, the transformation of scale under reflection, and wave-mean flow interaction. These are natural links between the material of this course and theories of steady currents in the atmosphere and oceans. The subject of wave dynamics is an old one, and much of the material in this book can be found in texts some of them classical and well-known papers on certain aspects of the subject. It would be hard to claim originality for the standard ideas and concepts, some of which like tidal theory can be traced back to the nineteenth century. Other more recent ideas such as the asymptotic approach to slowly varying wave theory found in texts such as Whitham's or Lighthill's have been borrowed and employed to illuminate the subject. In each case references at the end of the text for each section indicate the sources that I found particularly useful. What I have tried to do in the course and in this text is to weave those ideas together in a way that I personally believe makes the subject as accessible as possible to first-year graduate students. Indeed, I have tried to retain some of the informality in the text of the original notes. The text is composed of twenty one "lectures," and the reader will note from time to time certain questions posed didactically to the student and certain challenges to the reader to obtain some results independently. A series of problem sets, which the students found helpful, are placed at the end of the text." Ключевые слова: boundary condition, instability, steady, wave vector, crest, horizontal plane, momentum, point, dz, rossby, ks, vertical acceleration, rossby mode, dispersion, mode, depth, internal wave, speed, wave number, flow, variable, dynamic, propagation, scale, physical description, geostrophic adjustment, gravity waves, occurs, direction, result, dt, vertical velocity, yield, time, kd, reflected wave, vorticity, flux vector, energy flux, happened, life easier, plane wave, pressure, integral, gravest mode, velocity potential, gulf stream, sin, student, doe, gradient, waves, western boundary, final adjusted, dispersion relation, velocity, relation, change, rossby number, kelvin, flux, total energy, simple, function, vertical flux, group velocity, radius, x-wave number, surface, potential vorticity, form, free surface, equation, vertical, parameter, free, elevation, partial derivative, reflection, meridional velocity, kinematic condition, rigid lid, ocean, -wave number, layer, phase speed, positive, slowly varying, kelvin waves, rossby wave, geostrophically balanced, problems, amplitude, lecture, unit volume, coriolis acceleration, equatorial, region, specific entropy, heuristic discussion, independent, longest wave, y-wave number, light wave, unit vector, earths sphericity, fluid, note, gravity wave, long, calculate, ekman layer, term, constant, field, yanai wave, parameter regime, homogeneous layer, potential, horizontal surface, internal gravity, wave radiation, wave, oppositely directed, reynolds stress, restoring force, lowest mode, group, horizontal velocity, equatorial waves, case, solution, small, deformation radius, component, kelvin wave, planetary vorticity, sinh, density, boundary, problem, k-dx, disturbance, tilting upstream, uk, plane, wavelength, gravity, dt dz, perturbation velocity, large, exponentially decreasing, initial, perfect gas, lateral boundary, san diego, major axis, reoso reoso, frequency, rate, shallow wedge, vector, unit mass, passed, geostrophic, zonal velocity, leading edge, geometrical scale, approximation, relative vorticity, mz-cot, coriolis parameter, situation, ha, discussion, wiley interscience, wave field, group speed, perturbation, horizontal, number, phase, internal, moving, physical attribute, ambient, rotation, dimensional unit, derivative, rossby waves, energy, upper surface, kelvin mode, detailed discussion, deformation, work, motion, condition, order, knd