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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EARTH’S INTERIOR Edition 2 JEAN-PAUL POIRIER Cambridge University Press Introduction to the Physics of the Earth’s Interior describes the structure, composition and temperature of the deep Earth in one comprehensive volume. The book begins with a succinct review of the fundamentals of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics of solids, presenting the theory of lattice vibration in solids. Various equations of state are introduced, followed by discussions on melting laws and transport properties. It closes with current seismological, thermal and compositional models of the Earth. No special knowledge of geophysics or mineral physics is required but a background in elementary physics is helpful. The new edition has been enlarged and fully updated to account for recent experimental and theoretical progress. Like the first edition, this will be useful for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in geophysics and mineralogy. It will also be valuable for researchers in Earth sciences, physics and materials science. Jean-Paul Poirier is Professor of Geophysics at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, and a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences. He has authored over one-hundred-and-thirty articles and six books on geophysics and mineral physics, including Creep of Crystals (Cambridge University Press, 1985) and Crystalline Plasticity and Solid-state Flow of Metamorphic Rocks with A. Nicolas (Wiley, 1976). Contents Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Introduction to the first edition 1 Background of thermodynamics of solids 1.1 Extensive and intensive conjugate quantities 1.2 Thermodynamic potentials 1.3 Maxwell’s relations. Stiffnesses and compliances 2 Elastic moduli 2.1 Background of linear elasticity 2.2 Elastic constants and moduli 2.3 Thermoelastic coupling 2.3.1 Generalities 2.3.2 Isothermal and adiabatic moduli 2.3.3 Thermal pressure 3 Lattice vibrations 3.1 Generalities 3.2 Vibrations of a monatomic lattice 3.2.1 Dispersion curve of an infinite lattice 3.2.2 Density of states of a finite lattice 3.3 Debye’s approximation 3.3.1 Debye’s frequency 3.3.2 Vibrational energy and Debye temperature 3.3.3 Specific heat 4 Equations of state 4.1 Generalities 4.2 Murnaghan’s integrated linear equation of state 4.3 Birch–Murnaghan equation of state 4.3.1 Finite strain 4.3.2 Second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state 4.3.3 Third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state 4.4 A logarithmic equation of state 4.4.1 The Hencky finite strain 4.4.2 The logarithmic EOS 4.5 Equations of state derived from interatomic potentials 4.5.1 EOS derived from the Mie potential 4.5.2 The Vinet equation of state 4.6 Birch’s law and velocity–density systematics 4.6.1 Generalities 4.6.2 Bulk-velocity–density systematics 5 Melting 5.1 Generalities 5.2 Thermodynamics of melting 5.2.1 Clausius–Clapeyron relation 5.2.2 Volume and entropy of melting 5.2.3 Metastable melting 6 Transport properties 6.1 Generalities 6.2 Mechanisms of diffusion in solids 6.3 Viscosity of solids 6.4 Diffusion and viscosity in liquid metals 6.5 Electrical conduction 6.5.1 Generalities on the electronic structure of solids 6.5.2 Mechanisms of electrical conduction 6.5.3 Electrical conductivity of mantle minerals 6.5.4 Electrical conductivity of the fluid core 7 Earth models 7.1 Generalities 7.2 Seismological models 7.2.1 Density distribution in the Earth 7.2.2 The PREM model 7.3 Thermal models 7.3.1 Sources of heat 7.3.2 Heat transfer by convection 7.3.3 Convection patterns in the mantle 7.3.4 Geotherms 8 Mineralogical models 8.1 Phase transitions of the mantle minerals 8.2 Mantle and core models Appendix PREM model (1s) for the mantle and core Bibliography Index Ключевые слова: e, r, o