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"Interactive Student Edition", "AUTHORS Francisco Borrero • Frances Scelsi Hess • Juno Hsu Gerhard Kunze • Stephen A. Leslie • Stephen Letro Michael Manga • Len Sharp • Theodore Snow • Dinah Zike National Geographic (c)Getty Images, (b)Paul Chesley Getty Images About the Photo: The lava photo on the cover was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the big island of Hawaii. The lava in the photo is flowing from active vents on the flank of Kilauea volcano. When lava flows into the sea, sulfuric acid in the lava mixes with chlorine in the water to form a mist of water vapor and hydrochloric acid. Copyright (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographics Childrens Books and Education Division. Copyright (c) National Geographic. The name "National Geographic" and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National Geographic and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. Send all inquires to: Glencoe McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN-13: 978-0-07-874636-9 ISBN-10: 0-07-874636-1 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071 043 12 11 10 09 08 07 Student Guide Reading for Information. xxii Scavenger Hunt. xxv Unit 1 Earth Science. 2 The Nature of Science. 4 Mapping Our World. 28 Unit 2 Composition of Earth. 56 Matter and Change. 58 Minerals. 84 Igneous Rocks. 110 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks. 132 Unit 3 Surface Processes on Earth. 160 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil. 162 Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers. 192 Surface Water. 222 Groundwater. 250 Unit 4 The Atmosphere and the Oceans. 278 Atmosphere. 280 Meteorology. 312 The Nature of Storms. 342 Climate. 374 Earths Oceans. 404 The Marine Environment. 436 Unit 5 The Dynamic Earth. 464 Plate Tectonics. 466 Volcanism. 498 Earthquakes. 526 Mountain Building. 560 Unit 6 Geologic Time. 586 Fossils and the Rock Record. 588 The Precambrian Earth. 618 The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras. 646 Unit 7 Resources and the Environment. 674 Earth Resources. 676 Energy Resources. 706 Human Impact on Resources. 732 Unit 8 Beyond Earth. 760 The Sun-Earth-Moon System. 762 Our Solar System. 794 Stars. 828 Galaxies and the Universe. 860 National Geographic Expeditions. 890 Student Resources. 940 Skillbuilder Handbook. 941 Reference Handbook. 954 English Spanish Glossary. 966 Index. 1004 Credits. 1027 Contents in Brief" Ключевые слова: andes mountains, wrecked seaport, material, answer, surface, watkins glen, uni verse, str eams, vice versa, mass, source, tree-ring chronology, scale, scientist, ject, time, critically, deccan traps, prevailing westerly, jim cornfieldcorbis, water, la ma, volcano, st ar, plate, wa, layer, life, nio, identify, resource, torrential downpour, erosion, nasaphoto researchers, earth, el, white-tailed deer, mo la, determine, ha, karen kasmauskicorbis, superficie, olympus mons, element, la va, percent, high, sohonasa photoaltosuperstock, ter, nuclear reactor, distance, karl weatherlycorbis, formed, magma, day, appalachian mountains, ue se, earth science, valence electronstends, photo, martinezphoto researchers, trgeno, abrupt junction, sediment, process, conrad zobelcorbis, science, wind, climate, form, earthquake, frazierphoto researchers, kevin schafercorbis, change, remote sensing, ouachita mountains, planet, mathematical expression, untainous, reading, compare, sierra nevadas, jeffrey, la, ose, men udo, en, skillbuilder handbook, infer, pierre, water-vapor imagery, corbis, en la, stirring rod, mauna loa, solar, fossil, krasemannpeter arnold, rtculas, moon, atmosphere, location, environmental technician, doe, marianas islands, deggingerphoto researchers, earth surface, study, region, table, boundary, temperature, doddphoto researchers, weather, objectives, douglas peeblescorbis, continental, sea, data, main idea, temporary final, adequate replanting, year, formation, heat, place, point, number, ediacaran biota, land, air, supplied, chapter, vista cutoff, space, area, marie tharp, kartchner caverns, result, chemical, current, mineral, wolfgang langenstrassenepacorbis, crust, uido, outer banks, roger ressmeyercorbis, doug martin, ue la, journal entry, electrically neutral, grand tetons, rotmancorbis, wave, level, galaxy, stuart westmorlandcorbis, vocabulary, fletcherphoto researchers, cloud, steel wool, ocean, main, precipitation, dif ferences, rock, photo researchers, stream, researchers, aleutian islands, graham frenchmasterfile, rtir, san francisco, atomic bonding, jeff schmaltznasa, cromosfera, reno nevada, rbita, organism, pressure, heavily cratered, gas, idea, movement, ice, ht, type, wreak havoc, feature, ediacara hills, liq uid, question, glencoe, ele vation, ronabruce coleman, saber-toothed cat, assessment, essay explaining, energy, star, particle, sun, procedure, atom, explain, adirondack mountains, review, graph, soil, mountain, self-check quizzes, ediante, map, analysis, large, p?g, rocks stiffness