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"Interpretation and Application of Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application With 330 Figures and 151 Plates, Some in Color Springer PROFESSOR DR. ERIK FLUGEL Institute of Paleontology Loewenichstrasse 28 D-91054 Erlangen Germany E-mail: tefluegel@paluni-erlangen.de ISBN 3-540-22016-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2004104816 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com (c) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Camera-ready by Erentraud Flugel-Kahler, Erlangen Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: Almas Schimmel SPIN 12045167 Printed on acid-free paper 32 3180 as 5 4 3 2 1 Preface The objective of this book is to provide a synthesis of the methods used in microfacies studies of carbonate rocks and to show how the application of microfacies studies has contributed to new developments in carbonate geology. In contrast with other textbooks on carbonate sedimentology, this book focuses on those compositional and textural constituents of carbonates that reflect the depositional and diagenetic history and determine the practical usefulness of carbonate rocks. The chapters are written in such a way that each one can be used as text in upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses. The topics of the book also apply to research workers and exploration geologists, looking for current information on developments in the use of microfacies analysis. Since microfacies studies are based on thin sections, instructive plates showing thin-section photographs accompanied by thorough and detailed explanations form a central part of this book. All plates in the book contain a short summary of the topic. An arrow leads the reader to the figures on the plate. The description of the microphotographs is printed in a smaller type. Care has been taken to add arrows or letters (usually the initials of the subject) so that the maximum information can be extracted from the figures. Rather than being a revised version of Microfacies Analysis of Limestones (Flugel 1982), *Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks* is a new book, based on a new concept and offering practical advice on the description and interpretation of microfacies data as well as the application of these data to basin analysis. Microfacies analysis has the advantages over traditional sedimentological approaches of being interdisciplinary, and integrating sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical aspects. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: - Analyses both the depositional and diagenetic history of carbonate rocks, - Describes carbonate sedimentation in various marine and non-marine environments, considering both tropical warm-water carbonates and non-tropical cool-water carbonates, • Presents diagnostic features and highlights the significance of microfacies criteria, • Stresses the biological controls of carbonate sedimentation and provides an overview on the most common fossils found in thin sections of limestones, • Discusses the relationships between diagenetic processes, porosity, and dolomitization, • Demonstrates the importance of microfacies for establishing and evaluating sequence stratigraphic frameworks and depositional models, • Underlines the potential of microfacies in differentiating paleoclimate changes and tracing platform-basin relationships, • Demonstrates the value of microfacies analysis in evaluating reservoir rocks and limestone resources, as well as its usefulness in archaeological provenance studies. Structure of the Book *Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks* starts with an introductory chapter (Chap. 1) and an overview of modern carbonate deposition (Chap. 2), followed by 17 chapters grouped into three major parts: - Microfacies Analysis (Chap. 3 to Chap. 10): Summarizes the methods used in microfacies studies, followed by discussions on descriptive modes and the implications of qualitative and quantitative thin-section criteria. - Microfacies Interpretation (Chap. 11 to Chap. 16): Demonstrates the significance of microfacies studies in evaluating paleoenvironment and depositional systems. - Practical Use of Microfacies (Chap. 17 to Chap. 19): Demonstrates the importance of applied microfacies studies in geological exploration for hydrocarbons and ores, provides examples of the relationships between carbonate rock resources and their facies and physical properties, and illustrates the value of microfacies studies to archaeologists. Important references are listed at the end of chapters or sections under the heading Basics. 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