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cSUR-UT Series: Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration Volume 3 Series Editor: Shinichiro Ohgaki, Tokyo, Japan By the process of urban development in the 20th century, characterized by suburban expansion and urban redevelopment, many huge and sophisticated complexes of urban structures have been erected in developed countries. However, with conventional technologies focused on the construction of structures, it has become difficult to keep urban spaces adaptable to environmental constraints and economic, social and cultural changes. In other words, it has become difficult for conventional technologies to meet social demands for the upgrading of social capital in a sustainable manner and for the regeneration of attractive urban space that is not only safe and highly efficient but also conscious of historical, cultural and local identities to guarantee a high quality of life for all. Therefore, what is needed now is the creation of a new discipline that is able to reorganize the existing social capital and the technologies to implement it. For this purpose, there is a need to go beyond the boundaries of conventional technologies of construction and structural design and integrate the following technologies: 1. Technology concerned with environmental and risk management 2. Technology of conservation and regeneration with due consideration to the local characteristics of existing structures including historical and cultural resources 3. Technologies of communication, consensus building, plan making and space management to coordinate and integrate the individual activities initiated by various actors of society. Up to now, architecture, civil engineering, and urban engineering in their respective fields have, while dealing with different time-space scales and structures, accumulated cutting-edge knowledge and contributed to the formation of favorable urban spaces. In the past, when emphasis was put on developing new residential areas and constructing new structures, development and advancement of such specialized disciplines were found to be the most effective. However, current problems confronting urban development can be highlighted by the fact that a set of optimum solutions drawn from the best practices of each discipline is not necessarily the best solution. This is especially true where there are relationships of trade-offs among such issues as human risk and environmental load. In this way, the integration of the above three disciplines is strongly called for. In order to create new integrated knowledge for sustainable urban regeneration, the Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration (cSUR), The University of Tokyo, was established in 2003 as a core organization of one of the 21st Century Centers of Excellence Programs funded by the Ministry of Education and Science, Japan. cSUR has coordinated international research alliances and collaboratively engages with common issues of sustainable urban regeneration. The cSUR series are edited and published to present the achievements of our collaborative research and new integrated approaches toward sustainable urban regeneration. Editorial board of the cSUR series Chair: Prof. Shinichiro Ohgaki Members: Prof. Keisuke Hanaki, Prof. Yuzo Sakamoto, Prof. Yozo Fujino, Prof. Hiroshi Naito, Prof. Hitoshi Ieda, Prof. Takeshi Ito, Prof. Shuichi Matsumura, Assoc. Prof. Takafumi Noguchi, Prof. Atsuyuki Okabe, Assoc. Prof. Yukio Sadahiro Director: Prof. Junichiro Okata Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo H. Furumai • S. Sato • M. Kamata K. Yamamoto (Eds.) Advanced Monitoring and Numerical Analysis of Coastal Water and Urban Air Environment Editors: Hiroaki Furumai Professor Research Center for Water Environment Technology The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656, Japan furumai@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Shinji Sato Professor Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656, Japan sato@coastal.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Motoyasu Kamata Professor Emeritus Department of Architecture The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Professor Department of Architecture Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan kamat@kanagawa-u.ac.jp Kazuo Yamamoto Professor Environmental Science Center The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656, Japan yamamoto@esc.u-tokyo.ac.jp ISSN 1865-8504 e-ISSN 1865-8512 ISBN 978-4-431-99719-1 e-ISBN 978-4-431-99720-7 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-99720-7 Springer Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009942082 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Photo: Blue Tide in Tokyo Bay, Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture; © Masahiko Isobe Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) © 2010 to the complete printed work by Springer, except as noted. Individual authors or their assignees retain rights to their respective contributions; reproduced by permission. Printed in Japan Preface Various environmental issues are related to urban activities. Through the growing recognition of the necessity to develop sustainable urban management, the University of Tokyo established the Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration (cSUR) in July 2003. A research program at the cSUR was designed to create an integrated approach and to provide knowledge for sustainable urban regeneration with the aid of a global network of researchers and professionals, and to coordinate the international research alliance made up of leading academic institutions worldwide. As part of the program, several studies have been conducted focusing on urban environmental problems in Asian megacities such as Tokyo, Taipei, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Bangkok. The following topics in particular were selected for integrated and strategic research supported by researchers from the fields of architecture, civil engineering, and environmental engineering: - Integrated analysis of the urban atmospheric environment and its relationship with control of indoor air conditions in East and Southeast Asian countries - Dynamic behavior of urban non-point pollutants in coastal environments The research contains interesting intensive field-monitoring data on the coastal environment and the urban air environment. Topics also include state-of-the-art environmental monitoring and simulation analysis in urban areas. Key aspects of the research in advanced monitoring and the application of environmental numerical simulation were selected for inclusion in this book. Integrating the monitoring and modeling of urban environments is essential for engineers to identify and investigate environmental problems and their solutions. In addition, advanced understanding of environmental phenomena is necessary to manage contemporary environmental issues. Environmental monitoring provides information about the processes and activities that characterize environmental quality. Model development cannot proceed without scientific data on environmental phenomena and the kinetics of associated processes. To understand the phenomena and processes, monitoring and modeling are fundamental. v vi Preface The academic sector should update and add to the information on urban environments by discovering novel pollution phenomena and clarifying critical process mechanisms for pollution control. I hope that this book will be useful to undergraduate and graduate students and to experts and policymakers to improve their understanding of the field of environmental monitoring and model simulation. Hiroaki Furumai Contents Preface. List of Contributors. 1. Significance of Advanced Monitoring and Application of Environmental Numerical Simulation. 2. Environmental Monitoring in Urban Coastal Zone. 3. Numerical Simulation of Urban Coastal Zones. 4. Analysis of Natural Cross-Ventilation for Building Environmental Control. 5. Advanced Monitoring of Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and Risk Assessment of Their Possible Human Exposure in Roadside Air Environment in Urban Area. 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