MEDITERRANEAN AND PARATETHYS. FACTS AND HYPOTHESES OF AN OLIGOCENE TO MIOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHY (SHORT OVERVIEW)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA & Museum Wien & Late Eocene & Upper Kiscellian & Arabia & Eurasia & Indian Ocean & Eastern Paratethys & Mesozoic Tethys Ocean & West Pacific & Turgai Strait & Atlantic Ocean & Kiscell Clay & Transcaspian Basin & Lower Burdigalian & Late Oligocene & Central Paratethys & Proboscidea & Gomphotherium & Central Paratethysfaunas & Carpathian Foredeep & Sarata Formation & East Slovak Basin & Alpine Foredeep & South Anatolia & Eastern Anatolia & Levante Fault & Early Sarmatian & Late Badenian & Vienna Basin & Transylvanian Basin & Euxinian Basins & Black Sea Basin & Lower Maeotian & Euxinian Basin & Aegean Basin & Ukraine. Geol & Bull. Hung. Geol & Hungary. Akad. Kiado & Global Stratigraphic Correlation & SEPM Spec. Publ & Neogene. Abstracts & Rom. J. Stratigr & Neogene Tsotilion Formation & Turkey. Riv. Ital & East Geosciences Conference & Gulf Petro Link & Ann. Soc. Geol & Eastern Europe & Hung. Geol. Inst & SEMP Spec. Publ & Inst. Univ. Basel & Middle East & Bull. Natur. Hist & Mus. London & Caucasus. Abstracts & Int. TurkishGeology Symposium & Kluwer Acad. Publ & Geol. Surv & Southern Moravia. Proc & Spec. Publ & Internat. Nannoplankton Assoc & Balkanides inSR Yugoslavia & Mitt. Gesell. Geol & Bereich des Unterinntales & Geol. Bavarica & European Tertiary & Museum Bremen & Geol. Carpathica & Kavala Basin & Greece. Ann. Geol & Romania. Inst. Geol & Miocene. Stratigr. Geol & Paratethys Oligoceneand Miocene & Ann.Naturhist. Mus. Wien & Columbia Univ. Press & Paratethys. Dari Seama & Inst. Geol. Geofiz & Newslett. Stratigr & Paratethys. Acta Geol & France. Publ. Dept & Paratethys. This & Asia. Continentaliza-tion & Europe. TheParatethys & Mediterranean. Elon-gated & Paratethys. Dysaerobic & Oligocene. Around & Salzburg. Limno-fluviatile & Thrace. These & Langhian. Other-wise & Pontides. Further & Basin. Extensive & Slovenia. Thereare & GLeas. Radiolaria & Sarmatian. Congeriasand & Basin. Modern
Book 1 of Neotectonics and Tectonics and Seismology
Language: English
38.21.00=Regional geology 38.29.00=Stratigraphy 38.31.00=Paleontology 38.45.00=Neotectonics and Tectonics and Seismology Neotectonics and Tectonics and Seismology abstracts accompanied activity africa alpine anatolia ann arabia area asia badenian base based basin bull burdigalian carpathian carpathian foredeep carpathians cenozoic central central paratethys change cid cid glfig closed closure collision condition conference connection continued correlated correlation corresponds deep development dinarides dry land early early sarmatian east eastern eastern paratethys enabled endemic endemism eocene europe evaporite event evolution existed facts facts hypotheses fauna foredeep formation geol gesell giant pectinids gontsharova graben hamr cid hung hypotheses increased india indian indian ocean inst isolated isolation jones jones simmons karpatian lake land late late badenian mammal marine marine realm mediterranean mediterranean paratethys middle middle miocene migrate miocene mitt mus nannoplankton neogene north north sea northern anatolia observed ocean oceanic ofthe oligocene open opened ottnangian pacific paleogeography pannonian paratethys paratethys facts period place plate popov publ realm reconstruction reduced reduced salinity region regression relic remained rom rotation rusu salinity sarmatian sea seaway ser serravallian short simmons slovenia soc started strait stratigr stratigraphic correlation strong strong endemism studencka study tectonic tethys thebase theparatethys time transcaspian basin transylvanian transylvanian basin turgai strait univ upper west western zone
Published: Dec 31, 1998
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GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 50, 4, BRATISLAVA, AUGUST1999339-349 MEDITERRANEAN AND PARATETHYS. FACTS AND HYPOTHESES OF AN OLIGOCENE TO MIOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHY (SHORT OVERVIEW) FRED R GLNaturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, A-1014 Wien, Austria (Manuscript received January 5, 1999; accepted in revised form March 17, 1999) Abstract: Paleogeographical considerations on the development of the Paratethys and the Mediterranean during Oligocene and Miocene are presented in twelve time-slices. Plate tectonic activities and the collision of India with Asia caused the destruction of the Western Tethys Ocean in the Late Eocene. The Mediterranean and the intracontinental Paratethys basins came into existence as new marine realms. In the Mediterranean Basin, open oceanic connections existed throughout the Oligocene and most of the Miocene. The Eastern Paratethys and Central to Western Paratethys showed different marine conditions and changing connections most of the time. A first period with reduced salinity, anoxic bottom conditions, and strong endemisms occurred throughout the Paratethys in a short period of the Lower Oligocene (Solenovian, NP 23). It was followed by more open marine conditions with widespread clastic sedimentation (Upper Kiscellian, Kalmykian, NP 24). By the collision of Africa and Arabia with Eurasia, the seaway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean was closed in Burdigalian time, but a new landbridge enabled distinct mammal migration between the continents (Gomphotherium Landbridge). During the Middle Miocene, marine sea-ways between the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the Paratethys opened and closed intermittently. Finally, the marine connections of the Paratethys were strongly reduced, giving way to endemic faunal development during the later Miocene (Sarmatian to Pontian). Key words: Oligocene, Miocene, Paratethys, Mediterranean, paleogeography. Introduction The past few years have seen a flood of new information on the paleogeography, paleobiogeography, and tectonic development of the circum-Mediterranean region during the later Cenozoic. This short overview is a result of some current publications (e.g., Rgl 1998) on the subject of continental and marine migrations and emphasizes the development of the Paratethys. The paleogeographical reconstructions must be regarded as only sketches that can help to explain migration possibilities; many parts raise more questions than they answer. The continent positions are based on the plate tectonic reconstructions of Scotese et al. (1988). Important information has been revealed by the recent paleogeographical studies of Hamor & Halmai (1988), Kovl et al. (1989), Boccaletti et al. (1990), Popov et al. (1993), Jones & Racey (1994), Goff et al. (1995), Jones & Simmons (1996), and Studencka et al. (1998). The most problematic period is the middle Miocene, with its rapidly changing paleobiogeographical conditions and strong tectonic activity. Only intensive investigations in the problematic tectonic regions from the southeastern end of the Carpathians, along the Balkanides to Northern Anatolia can solve some of the questions. Another problem is the different opinion in the correlation of stages between Central and Eastern Paratethys. The recent correlations are based on nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifers in comparison with the chronostratigraphic table of Berggren et al. (1995). A vanishing Tethys Ocean in the late Eocene Continents in motion, the dispersal of the Pangean continent, and the northward drift of India and Australia ended the period of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean. These changes in the configuration of land and sea altered the pattern of oceanic circulations, the climate, and the faunal exchanges on the continents and in the sea. By the end of the Eocene, the Tethys Ocean had nearly vanished. A new Indian Ocean was born, and the western end of the Tethys was reduced to a Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). Europe was still an archipelago. Intercontinental seas covered large areas of the European platform and of western Asia. A mammal exchange between Asia and Europe was not possible. Between the stable Eurasian platform and the relics of the western Tethys, elongated deep basins had formed. North of India, a marine connection stretched to the West Pacific. An important connection of the Tethys with the Polar Sea existed via the Turgai Strait, on the far side of the Ural Mts. These seaways around Asia and the connections with the Polar Sea enabled warm-water exchanges and probably explain the sustained warm climate during the Late Eocene. Fig. 2. The birth of the Paratethys Sea. Tectonic activities along the Alpine front and the collision of India with Asia created the intercontinental Paratethys Sea, and south of the orogene the Mediterranean Sea. 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