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_'The Ecology of Building Materials', 'This Page Intentionally Left Blank', 'The Ecology of Building Materials', Bj?rn Berge, Translated from Norwegian by Filip Henley With Howard Liddell, To my two girls, Sofia Leiresol and Anna Fara, Architectural Press, OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI, Architectural Press An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group, First published as Bygnings materialenes ?kologi © Universitetsforlaget AS 1992 First published in Great Britain 2000 Paperback edition 2001, English edition © Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 2000, 2001, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, ISBN 0 7506 54503 For information on all Architectural Press publications visit our website at www.architecturalpress.com, Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Bath Press, Bath, Contents, Author’s foreword, vii, Foreword by Howard Liddell, ix, Preface, xi, Introduction, xiii, Section 1 Eddies and water-level markers Environmental profiles and criteria for assessment 1 Resources Material resources Energy resources 3 5 15 2 Pollution Types of pollution Reduction of pollution in the production stage Reduction of pollution during building use 25 28 34 35 3 Local production and the human ecological aspect The production process, product quality and the quality of work Technology Economy and efficiency 43 45 48 49 4 The chemical and physical properties of building materials A small introduction to the chemistry of building materials Important factors in the physics of building materials 53 54 58 Section 2 The flower, iron and ocean Raw materials and basic materials Water and air Water Air 65 66 69 Metallic minerals Metals in building Non-metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals in building 74 81 92 Stone Production of building stone 107 111 Loose materials Loose materials in building Sand and gravel as aggregate in cement products Earth as a building material Brick and other fired clay products 117 119 128 Fossil oils The basic materials Plastics in building 141 144 147 Plants Living plants Timber Grasses and other small plants Building chemicals from plants Cellulose 157 163 174 176 Materials of animal origin Industrial by-products Section 3 The construction of a sea-iron flower Building materials Structural materials Metal structures Concrete structures Stone structures Structural brickwork Earth structures Plastic structures Timber structures Peat walls The energy and material used by different structural systems Climatic materials Thermal insulation materials Warmth-reflecting materials Moisture-regulating materials 189 191 192 200 203 205 221 222 237 238 243 244 247 248 Cement Additives as climatic material Earth stabilization Energy use in production history hydraulic binders non-hydraulic binders pollution and render lime cement render roof materials sheeting See also Concrete Cement paints Glue Paint Sheetings 315 318 398 415 Clay As climatic material Calcined expanded clay production Surface materials See also Bricks Ceramic tiles Manufacture Chalk Chamotte Chemical oxygen depletion (COD) Chemical properties of building materials chemical reactions supply and release of energy weights of different substances radioactivity relative atomic weight Chipboard Chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroprene Cholofonium Chrome Cast iron stairs Casting Cavity walls Cellulose as climatic material cellulose fibre cellulose paper and boards Index Glue Paint Sheetings Cement Additives as climatic material Earth stabilization Energy use in production history hydraulic binders non-hydraulic binders pollution and render Lime cement render Roof materials Sheetings See also Concrete Cement paints Clay As climatic material Calcined expanded clay production Surface materials See also Bricks Ceramic tiles Manufacture Chalk Chamotte Chemical oxygen depletion (COD) Chemical properties of building materials chemical reactions supply and release of energy weights of different substances radioactivity relative atomic weight Chipboard Chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroprene Cholofonium Chrome Cast iron stairs Casting Cavity walls Cellulose as climatic material cellulose fibre cellulose paper and boards Index Earth building As climatic material Climatic materials air-regulating materials animal products bitumen-based materials earth sand fired clay materials foamed quartz foamglass fossil meal products grass materials gypsum products metal-based materials moisture-regulating materials montmorillonite peat materials perlite products plastic materials thermal insulation timber materials vermiculite products warmth-reflecting materials Climbing plants Coal tar Cobalt Collagen Compressive strength Earth building as climatic material Concrete aerated concrete foamed concrete with light aggregate composition additives aggregates binders lime sandstone reinforcement Sulphur concrete durability floor coverings recycling roof materials stairs Condensation See also Moisture-regulating materials Copal Copper as climatic material extraction Cork oak Corrosion protection against Craftsmen Creosote Critical minerals Crown glass Decentralized production Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) Dichloroethane Dolomite Doors aluminium plastic timber Double curved shells Down-cycling Dry-stone walling Drying oils Durability climate effects on concrete plastic products timber Dust carpets and pollution Earth building history indoor climate and moisture and shrinkage raw materials stabilizing aggregates and other additives technical properties Earth loaves Ecological building industry principles for Economical construction Efficiency of earth building Electromagnetic radiation Elements Emulsion paint Endothermic reactions Energised water Energy consumption cement production and fired clay products and in building materials in metal extraction reduction of in building industry stone production and structural systems Energy pollution Energy recovery Energy resources See also Energy consumption Engineer-run production Epoxide adhesive paint Ethers Ether alcohols Etheric oils Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) adhesive Felt products Fertilizer pollution Fibreboard Fibreglass Figure-of-eight test Fillers paint Fibreboard Fibreglass Figure-of-eight test Fillers paint Fired clay materials See Bricks Ceramic tiles Clay Fish oil Fixings metal timber Flagstones Flashings Flax Flint Float glass Floating floors Floor base Floors concrete coverings fired clay materials bricks laid in sand tiles laid in mortar floating health and metals peatstone floor tiles soft coverings carpets textiles linoleum natural rubber (latex) plastic stone materials timber Fly-ash Foamed concrete' Ключевые слова: type, special, material, pollution, environmental polluter, drier climate, vinyl chloride, jet flame, sixteenth century, solar energy, ecological point, ethylene ethene, resource, fossil resource, dry, surface, thermal, carbonic acid, sulphur dioxide, binding agent, ecology building, long, natural latex, polyvinyl chloride, metal, cellulose, unused resource, ultraviolet radiation, catalogue record, ha, roman empire, local flora, earth, method, strength, metallic oxide, carbon monoxide, sheeting, silicium dioxide, wood, regular interval, hydrochloric acid, snow barrier, ground, temperature, plastic, steel, produced, swedish model, environmental profile, climate, tile, natural, based, glycol ether, interval, lime, ile dabeau, electrostatic charging, mortar, wall, paint, british isles, process, problem, roof, water, stone, aluminium, professional publishing, polyvinyl acetate, stainless steel, wooden plug, nineteenth century, sulphur, small, house, recycling, fossil meal, cement, straw, czech republic, thirteenth century, mixed, ferrous sulphate, large, block, inhalation route, sulphuric acid, green vitriol, property, power station, synthetic rubber, industrial revolution, lead, production, chemical, floor, oil-based chemical, case, short-term cycle, seventeenth century, mixture, le, log, arsenic trioxide, milk casein, acetic acid, solar radiation, soviet republics, concrete, air, structural, technique, local ecological, product, nuclear power, antimony trioxide, mucous membrane, board, exposed, year, waste, aggressive climate, energy, artificial fertilizer, ecologically unsound, industry, mineral, quality, glue, building material, boric acid, great deal, watertight membrane, carbon dioxide, mm, component, raw material, blast furnace, colder climate, finishing process, source, raw, english red, pure, plant, external cladding, semper vivum, skimmed milk, glass, recycled, electrostatic charge, common, wa, cladding, ecology, biological amplification, moisture, drying agent, brick, cm, binding power, form, building, pigment, good, window, fibre, structure, eleventh century, deep, main aim, work, construction, time, starting point, thermal insulation, shelter seawater, organic compound, building materials, indoor climate, increase, damp, nutrient chain, layer, environmental, materials, chlorinated hydrocarbon, iron, corrugated cardboard, tannic acid, cent, rotating kiln, thermal conductivity, high, tree, sodium chloride, substance, twentieth century, polyolephine flooring, timber, fossil fuel, normal, organic, sand, area, insulation, energy consumed, clay, covering, table, oil, impregnating agent