Description:

_Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources_, _Edited by Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser_. Related Titles: Soetaert, W., _Biofuels_ (2008), ISBN 978-0-470-02674-8. Wiesmann, U., Choi, I., Dombrowski, E.-M., _Biological Wastewater Treatment: Fundamentals, Microbiology, Industrial Process Integration_ (2006), ISBN 978-3-527-31219-1. Dewulf, J., Van Langenhove, H. (eds.), _Renewables-Based Technology: Sustainability Assessment_ (2006), ISBN 978-0-470-02241-2. Olah, G. A., Goeppert, A., Prakash, G. K. S., _Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy_ (2006), ISBN 978-3-527-31275-7. Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R., Kamm, M. (eds.), _Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products: Status Quo and Future Directions_ (2006), ISBN 978-3-527-31027-2. Collings, A. F., Critchley, C. (eds.), _Artificial Photosynthesis: From Basic Biology to Industrial Application_ (2005), ISBN 978-3-527-31090-6. Clark, C. W., _Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimal Management of Renewable Resources_ (2005), ISBN 978-0-471-75152-6. Gerardi, M. H., _The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digesters_ (2003), ISBN 978-0-471-20693-4. _Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources: An Introduction_, Edited by Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser. The Authors: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Deublein, Deublein Consulting International, Management Ritzingerstr. 19, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany. Dipl.-Ing. Angelika Steinhauser, 8 Dover Rise Heritage View Tower A _11-08 Singapore 138679 Singapore. All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: Applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra?e; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at . © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, micro?lm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Composition: SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printing: Strauss GmbH, M?rlenbach Bookbinding: Litges & Dopf GmbH, Heppenheim Cover Design: WMX Design, Heidelberg Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN 978-3-527-31841-4 Contents: Preface XV Abbreviations XVII Acknowledgement XXIII Part I General thoughts about energy supply 1 1 Energy supply – today and in the future 3 1.1 Primary energy sources 3 1.2 Secondary energy sources 5 1.3 End-point energy sources 6 1.4 Effective energy 7–8 2 Energy supply in the future – scenarios 7 2.1 Amount of space 11 2.2 Potential yield from biomass 13 2.3 Theoretical potential 13 2.4 C3 plants (energy plants) 15 2.5 C4 plants and CAM plants 17 2.6 Micro-algae 20 2.7 Technical potential 21 2.8 Economic potential 23 2.9 Realizable potential 23 3 History and status to date in Europe 27 3.1 First attempts at using biogas 28 3.2 Second attempts at using biogas 30 3.3 Third attempts at applying biogas 32 3.4 Status to date and perspective in Europe 32 4 History and status to date in other countries 35 4.1 History and status to date in China 36 4.2 Status to date in India 40 4.3 Status to date in Latin America 42 4.4 Status to date in the CIS states 42 5 General aspects of the recovery of biomass in the future 45 Part II Substrate and biogas 47 1 Biogas 49 1.1 Biogas compared to other methane-containing gases 49 1.2 Detailed overview of biogas components 52 1.3 Methane and carbon dioxide 53 1.4 Nitrogen and oxygen 54 1.5 Carbon monoxide 55 1.6 Ammonia 55 1.7 Hydrogen sulfide 55 1.8 Chlorine, fluorine, mercaptans 56 1.9 BTX, PAK, etc. 56 1.10 Siloxanes 56 2 Substrates 57 2.1 Liquid manure and co-substrates 57 2.2 Bio waste from collections of residual waste and trade waste similar to domestic waste 66 2.3 Landfill for residual waste 66 2.4 Sewage sludge and co-substrate 70 2.5 Industrial waste water 74 2.6 Waste grease or fat 74 2.7 Cultivation of algae 74 2.8 Plankton 75 2.9 Sediments in the sea 76 2.10 Wood, straw 77 3 Evaluation of substrates for biogas production 79 4 Benefits of a biogas plant 83 Part III Formation of biogas 87 1 Biochemical reaction 89 2 Biology 93 2.1 Bioreactions 93 2.1.1 Hydrolysis 94 2.1.2 Acidogenic phase 94 2.1.3 Acetogenic phase 96 2.1.4 Methanogenic phase 98 2.2 Process parameters 100 2.2.1 Parameter: hydrogen partial pressure 101 2.2.2 Parameter: concentration of the microorganisms 102 2.2.3 Parameter: type of substrate 102 2.2.4 Parameter: specific surface of material 103 2.2.5 Parameter: disintegration 106 2.2.6 Parameter: cultivation, mixing, and volume load 110 2.2.7 Parameter: light 112 2.2.8 Parameter: temperature 112 2.2.9 Parameter: pH 113 2.2.10 Parameter: redox potential 116 2.2.11 Parameter: nutrients (C N P-ratio) 116 2.2.12 Parameter: trace elements 116 2.2.13 Parameter: precipitants (calcium carbonate, MAP, apatite) 117 2.2.14 Parameter: biogas removal 117 2.2.15 Parameter: inhibitors 118 2.2.15.1 Oxygen 119 2.2.15.2 Sulfur compounds 119 2.2.15.3 Organic acids (fatty acids and amino acids) 121 2.2.15.4 Nitrate (NO3?) 122 2.2.15.5 Ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3) 123 2.2.15.6 Heavy metals 125 2.2.15.7 Tannins 125 2.2.15.8 Other inhibiting thresholds 125 2.2.16 Parameter: degree of decomposition 127 2.2.17 Parameter: foaming 127 2.2.18 Parameter: scum 127 3 Bacteria participating in the process of degradation 129 Index: anaerobic processes – degradation 102 – engineering 197 – purification 243 – waste water treatment 318–319 anaerobic sequencing batch reactors 243 anaerobic sewage treatment 287 Anastrip-process 124 animal byproducts 158 ANM process see Prethane Rudad-Biopaq process apatite, biogas formation 117 APTMP see alkaline-peroxide-thermomechanical pulping archaea, methanogenic 135 ASBR-reactors 243 ascending sludge 108 asphalt concrete, bottom layer in silos 204 asynchronous generator 364 automatic control techniques 212 automation technology 211–219 b bacteria – acetogenic 134–135 – acidogenic 131 – anaerobic 94, 118 – degradation 129 bacteroide 129 ball gas tanks 330 Barker 29 base plate – tanks 199, 202 B?champ 27 belt-type press 266 – fermentation 265 BigadanTM process 263 bio waste see waste biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 213 biochemistry, methane gas production 94 biodiesel 371 bio?lm 294 bio?lters 220 biogas 47–86, 361 – bags 328 – components 52–56 – compressors 358 – cryogenic purification 353 – drying 354 – energy 323–400 – equalization 161 – explosion-protection 166 – facilities 37 – gas feeding 161 – historical sources 27–45 – liquefaction 357–360 – main composition 53 – natural gas network, feeding 389–396 – quality 217, 334 – reactor passage 344 – removal 117 – sources 22–24 – usage (first attempts) 28–30 – usage (second attempts) 30–31 – usage (third attempts) 32 biogas formation 87–148 – apatite 117 – biology 93–126 – C N P-ratio 116 – calcium carbonate 117 – concentration of microorganisms 102 – degree of decomposition 127 – disintegration 106–109 – inhibitors 118 – light as parameter 112 – MAP 117 – mixing of the reactor 110–111 – nutrients 116 – partial pressure 101 – pH value as parameter 113–115 – precipitants 117 – process parameters 100–128 – redox potential 116 – specific surface 103–105 – temperature as parameter 112 – trace elements 116 – volume load 110–111 biogas fuel 397–400 – Sweden 398 biogas pipelines 323 – materials 323 biogas plants 83–86 – building 189–194 – China 36 – construction 152–154 – control 211–219 – design calculation 407–414 – economy 387, 415 – energy yield 258 – Europe 32–33 – explosion risk 161 – explosive areas 163 – ground basin 206 – installation see plant installations – laws and guidelines 149–196 – measurement 211–219 – membrane valve 220 – monitoring 211–216 – operation costs 259 – operation modes 245 – parts 199–220 – planning 190, 195 – quality 217 – reactor technique 247 – regulations 154 – yield 217 biogas preparation plant 392 biogas production 79–82 – Germany 33 biogas yield – correlation to the percentage of co-ferments 65 – depending on the applied process engineering from hay 103 in?uence of disintegration 106 process engineering 217 relation to the type of cellulose biomass 78 specific surface 105 biogasholders 327–332 – high-pressure 330 – low-pressure 327–29 medium-pressure 330 bioguard 219 biological processes – degradation 233 – desulfurization 335–44 – disintegration 239–40 biology, biogas formation 93–126 biomass – cultivation 9–10 delivered 221 fermentation 64 future recovery 45–46 hectare yield 14 potential yield 13–21 preferentially usage 159 separation 301–9 suspension in water 302–4 transformation 7 utilized 155–8 water separation 269–300 biomineralization, carbon dioxide removal 353 bioreactors 93–99 – China dome 37 covering 251 drainage 253 explosion-protection 166 Ключевые слова: increase, material, residue, automatic disconnection, sludge, hygienic testing, thermally disintegrated, surface, substrate, engine, actuated, monotrichous agellation, biomass, law, agricultural, renewable resource, generator, gas hydrate, bacteria, ph, special device, oxygen, concentration, time, usa costs, bro, applied, degradation, sewage, nitrous oxide, butyric acid, electric power, water, cost, wa, kw kw, layer, natural gas, regulation, organic compound, optimum, mesophyll cell, ha, falling, wooden housing, gas hood, high, operation, cubic meter, specie, angelika steinhauser, production, gas accumulates, content, mm, organic matter, organic acid, ?ow, biogas, day, supply, power station, oating dome, order, hydrochloric acid, methane, lambda probe, process, latin america, dry, hard coal, cp, form, renewable energies, measures relating, dry matter, bio waste, technology, rising, living condition, removed, liquid manure, rhombus gear, oral uptake, org matter, bioreactor, oil, laws, sewage gasbiogas, circular, acetate, activated charcoal, treatment, vii residues, fermentation, heating, jou, ammonia-ammonium buffer, von, anaerobic, ooded, hydrogen donor, tank, molecular sieve, exhaust, gas station, waste, rate, microorganism, small, intestinal tract, apple potato, table, germany, temperature, network, volume, matter, gas vapor, ring chamber, reactor, year, formation, heat, cell, turbo charger, dieter deublein, air, caustic soda, carbon dioxide, wastes, fuel, acid, generate endospore, bio, biogas plant, area, sul?de, odorizing agent, feasibility study, low-voltage protection, usa sales, waste water, pipe, manure, displacement piston, renewable resources, ame trap, marsh gas, installation, protective clothing, disintegration, work, european union, liquid, occulation agent, agitator, foreign particle, valeric acid, measuring report, electrical wire, carbon, protection, acetic acid, phase, displacement body, agricultural enterprise, introduction, unburnt carbon, tractor actuation, carbon monoxide, micro gas-turbines, industrial sewage, case, physical absorption, consumption, natural, pressure, total, power, gas, stage, storage, sources uptake, removal, electron donor, fully loadable, component, fatty acid, electron acceptor, device, trickling lters, plant, organic, agricultural sector, product, yield, potential, und, energy, sewage sludge, particle, der, bok, procedure, amino acid, aromatic ring, chp, disinfecting agent, special, higher, hydrogen, wall, qualied person, c c, installed, load