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.ix Acknowledgments This book would not have been possible without the efforts of all chapter authors. We are grateful for their dedication in preparing each chapter and sharing their knowledge with the world community. We are especially grateful for Mindy Barber’s tireless efforts in helping with editing and her willingness to work with each author to gather materials required to bring this project to completion. Her efforts show her dedication and interest in helping editors and authors achieve their goals. We appreciate Elsevier Publishing’s interest and support in bringing the project to completion. Finally, we are thankful for our families who share our time with these projects so that we can devote the necessary time and energy to complete them. Jerry L. Hatfield Ronald F. Follett .xi About the Editors Dr. Jerry L. Hatfield received his Ph.D. from Iowa State University in 1975, specializing in Agricultural Climatology and Statistics. From 1975 to 1983, he was a Biometeorologist at the University of California-Davis and from 1983 to 1989, Research Leader at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory in Lubbock, Texas. Since 1989, he has served as Laboratory Director of the USDA-ARS National Soil Tilth Laboratory (NSTL) in Ames, Iowa. Dr. Hatfield is responsible for developing the scientific program at NSTL and managing a multi-agency, multi-location environmental quality program to assess the impact of farming practices on water quality. He has developed several watershed scale projects addressing spatial and temporal impacts of farming practices on environmental quality. His research focuses on interactions between water, nutrients, carbon, and light in crop responses to management systems across varying landscapes. Research on water quality evaluates cropping system roles in seasonal water use patterns and their impact on pesticide and nutrient movement. In air quality, he studies soil management’s role in greenhouse gas emissions and ammonia dynamics, as well as carbon dioxide and water vapor exchanges in crop canopies. He is the Lead Author of the agriculture chapter in “Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3: The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, and Biodiversity,” part of the United States’ Climate Change Assessment Program. He served as President and Editor-in-Chief of the American Society of Agronomy and is a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. He received the A.S. Flemming Award for Outstanding Federal Service in 1997, ARS Outstanding Scientist of the Year in 1999, and US Presidential Rank Award for Superior Service in 2006. Dr. Ronald F. Follett received his Ph.D. as a Soil Chemist from Purdue University in 1966. He served in the U.S. Army from 1966 to 1968, attaining the rank of Captain and later Major in the U.S. Army Reserves. In 1968, he joined USDA-ARS. For the past 21 years, he has been a Supervisory Soil Scientist and Research Leader at the ARS Soil-Plant-Nutrient Research Unit in Fort Collins, Colorado. Previously, he served as National Program Leader for “Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition,” “Stripmine Reclamation,” and “Environmental Quality” at USDA Headquarters in Beltsville, Maryland. Earlier in his career, he was a Research Soil Scientist with ARS in Mandan, ND, and Ithaca, NY. Dr. Follett is a Fellow of the Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, and the Soil and Water Conservation Society. He received USDA Distinguished Service Awards in 1984 and 1992, as well as the USDA Superior Service Award in 2000. In 2004, he was awarded the US Presidential Rank Award for Superior Service. More recently, he received the ARS Northern Plains Area Senior Scientist Award (2005) and an Innovative Cropping Systems Team Award from No-Till Farmer’s Magazine (2007). Dr. Follett is currently Lead Scientist of GRACEnet (Greenhouse Gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network), coordinating related research from over 30 locations. He organized and wrote the ARS Strategic Plans for both Groundwater Quality Protection – Nitrates’ and Global Climate Change – Biogeochemical Dynamics. Dr. Follett has co-authored, edited, or co-edited 14 books and authored more than 300 scientific publications on nutrient management for forage production, soil-N and C-cycling, groundwater quality protection, global climate change, agroecosystems, soil and crop management systems, soil erosion and crop productivity, plant mineral nutrition, animal nutrition, irrigation, and drainage. .xiii List of Contributors R.B. Alexander. US Geological Survey, 413 National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA T.J.C. Amado. Soils Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil D.D. Baltensperger. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA A. Bannink. Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands A. Bianchini. AAPRESID, Argentinean No-Till Farmers Association, Paraguay 777, Floor 8, Office 4, Rosario, Santa Fe S2000CVO Argentina J.M. Blumenthal. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA P. Boers. Institute for Inland Water Management and Wastewater Treatment, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands J.V. Brahana. Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, 114 Ozark Hall Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA M.R. Burkart. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Iowa State University, Room 352 Science I Ames IA 50014 USA P.E. Cabot. CSU Extension, 2200 Bonforte Blvd LW-331 Pueblo CO 81001 USA K.G. Cassman. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, 279 Plant Science Lincoln NE 68583-0915 USA S.J. Del Grosso. USDA-ARS Soil-Plant-Nutrient Research Unit 2150 Centre Avenue Building D Suite 100 Fort Collins CO 80526 USA J.A. Delgado. USDA-ARS Soil-Plant-Nutrient Research Unit PO Box E Fort Collins CO 80522 USA A.J. Dore. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK U. Dragosits. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK .xiv List of Contributors F.L.F. Eltz. Soils Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil J.R. Follett. USDA ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center 2420 2nd Ave N Grand Forks ND 58203 USA R.F. Follett. USDA ARS Soil-Plant-Nutrient Research Unit 2150 Centre Avenue Bldg D Ste 100 Fort Collins CO 80526-8119 USA F. Garcia. International Plant Nutrition Institute Latin America-Southern Cone Program Av Santa Fe 910 Acassuso Buenos Aires B1641ABO Argentina M.J. Goss. Kemptville Campus University of Guelph Kemptville ON K0G 1J0 Canada K.W.T. Goulding. Agriculture and the Environment Division Rothamsted Research Harpenden Herts AL5 2JQ UK J.L. Hatfield. USDA-ARS National Soil Tilth Laboratory 2110 University Blvd Ames IA 50011 USA P.J. Hess. Department of Agronomy Purdue University 915 W State St West Lafayette IN 47907-2054 USA C.C. Hoffman. Department of Freshwater Ecology National Environmental Research Institute Vejls?vej 25 Silkeborg DK-8600 Denmark W.J. Hunter. Soil-Plant-Nutrient Research Unit USDA-ARS 2150-D Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526-8119 USA J.P. Jensen. Department of Freshwater Ecology National Environmental Research Institute Vejls?vej 25 Silkeborg DK-8600 Denmark B.C. Joern. Department of Agronomy Purdue University 915 W State St West Lafayette IN 47907-2054 USA D.R. Keeney. Department of Agronomy Iowa State University 3402 Eisenhower Ave Ames IA 50010 USA J.R. Kelly. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Mid-Continent Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd Duluth MN 55804 USA C.A. Keough. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80526 USA N.R. Kitchen. USDA Agricultural Research Service University of Missouri 243 Agricultural Engineering Bldg Columbia MO 65211 USA B. Kronvang. Department of Freshwater Ecology National Environmental Research Institute Vejls?vej 25 Silkeborg DK-8600 Denmark .xv J.A. Lory. Department of Agronomy University of Missouri 210 Waters Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA A.P. Manale. US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Policy Economics and Innovation 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460 USA S.C. Mason. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska 279 Plant Science Lincoln NE 68583-0915 USA L.D. McMullen. Des Moines Water Works 2201 George Flagg Parkway Des Moines IA 50321 USA R. Melchiori. INTA EEA Paran? National Institute for Agricultural Technology Ruta 11km 12.5 Paran? Entre R?os 3100 Argentina A.R. Mosier. 1494 Oakhurst Dr Mount Pleasant SC 29466 USA K.J. Nadelhoffer. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan 850 N University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109-1048 USA P.J. Nowak. 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