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This page intentionally left blank ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: History, Science, and Regulation provides a comprehensive introduction to the history and science of major air pollution issues. It begins with an introduction to basic atmospheric chemistry and the history of discovery of chemicals in the atmosphere, then moves on to a discussion of the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and the structure and composition of the present-day atmosphere. Subsequently, a comprehensive and accessible discussion of five major atmospheric pollution topics—urban outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution, acid deposition, stratospheric ozone reduction, and global climate change—is provided. Each chapter discusses the history and science behind these problems, their consequences, and the efforts made through government intervention and regulation to mitigate them. The book contains numerous student examples and problems, more than 200 color illustrations, and is international in scope. Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation forms an ideal introductory textbook on atmospheric pollution for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in atmospheric chemistry and physics, meteorology, environmental science, earth science, civil and environmental engineering, chemistry, environmental law and politics, and city planning and regulation. It also forms a valuable reference text for researchers and an introduction to the subject for general audiences. Mark Z. Jacobson is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed papers and another textbook, Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling (1998, Cambridge University Press), that has been rated by students in the top 5% of textbooks in the School of Engineering at Stanford for nine consecutive quarters. Professor Jacobson is a recipient of the National Science Foundation Career Award, the Powell Foundation Award, a Frederick Terman Fellowship, and a NASA New Investigator Award. In addition to these awards and scholarships, he received an NCAA–ITCA scholar-athlete of the year award in 1985, 1986, and 1987. To Yvonne and William ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: History, Science, and Regulation Mark Z. Jacobson Stanford University Cambridge University Press Cambridge New York Melbourne Madrid Cape Town Singapore São Paulo CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments 1 Basics and History of Discovery of Atmospheric Chemicals 1.1 Basic Definitions 1.2 History of Discovery of Elements and Compounds of Atmospheric Importance 1.3 Chemical Structure and Reactivity 1.4 Chemical Reactions and Photoprocesses 1.5 Lifetimes of Chemicals 1.6 Summary 1.7 Problems 2 The Sun, the Earth, and the Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere 2.1 The Sun and Its Origin 2.2 Spectra of the Radiation of the Sun and the Earth 2.3 Primordial Evolution of the Earth and Its Atmosphere 2.4 Summary 2.5 Problems 3 Structure and Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere 3.1 Air Pressure and Density Structure 3.2 Processes Affecting Temperature 3.3 Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere 3.4 Equation of State 3.5 Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere 3.6 Characteristics of Selected Gases and Aerosol Particle Components 3.7 Summary 3.8 Problems 4 Urban Air Pollution 4.1 History and Early Regulation of Urban Air Pollution 4.2 Chemistry of the Background Troposphere 4.3 Chemistry of Photochemical Smog 4.4 Pollutant Removal 4.5 Summary 4.6 Problems 5 Aerosol Particles in Smog and the Global Environment 5.1 Size Distributions 5.2 Sources and Compositions of New Particles 5.3 Processes Affecting Particle Size 5.4 Summary of the Composition of Aerosol Particles 5.5 Aerosol Particle Morphology and Shape 5.6 Health Effects of Aerosol Particles 5.7 Summary 5.8 Problems 6 Effects of Meteorology on Air Pollution 6.1 Forces 6.2 Winds 6.3 Global Circulation of the Atmosphere 6.4 Semipermanent Pressure Systems 6.5 Thermal Pressure Systems 6.6 Effects of Large-Scale Pressure Systems on Air Pollution 6.7 Effects of Local Meteorology on Air Pollution 6.8 Summary 6.9 Problems 7 Effects of Pollution on Visibility, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Atmospheric Optics 7.1 Processes Affecting Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 7.2 Visibility 7.3 Colors in the Atmosphere 7.4 Summary 7.5 Problems 7.6 Project 8 International Regulation of Urban Smog Since the 1940s 8.1 Regulation in the United States 8.2 Pollution Trends and Regulations Outside the United States 8.3 Summary 8.4 Problems 9 Indoor Air Pollution 9.1 Pollutants in Indoor Air and Their Sources 9.2 Sick Building Syndrome 9.3 Regulation of Indoor Air Pollution 9.4 Summary 9.5 Problems 10 Acid Deposition 10.1 Historical Aspects of Acid Deposition 10.2 Causes of Acidity 10.3 Sulfuric Acid Deposition 10.4 Nitric Acid Deposition INDEX Ключевые слова: k-t transition, fly ash, global, pollution, stratospheric, cubic centimeter, seventeenth century, wa du, region, ocean, environmental management, percent, aq, cell, photo, french revolution, data, amedeo avogadro, negative charge, radical, national, element, molecule, decomposes thermally, surgeon general, molecular, nitric, royal society, european community, indoor, no, volcanic eruption, problem, atmospheric pollution, 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