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"GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD AND THEIR USE Editors Igor S. Zektser Lorne G. Everett IHP-VI, SERIES ON GROUNDWATER NO. 6 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 2004 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Layout and typesetting by Marina Rubio, 93200 Saint-Denis ISBN 92-9220-007-0 (c) UNESCO 2004 PREFACE The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is an evolving programme ready to adapt to the needs of an ever-changing society. To respond promptly and with appropriate actions, the programme is implemented in six-year phases so as to identify new emerging problems, alert decision makers, raise public awareness and provide necessary resources. Today, integrated water resources management poses not only scientific but also technical, socio-economic, cultural and ethical challenges. IHP is a multidisciplinary programme at the forefront of research and development; and to this end is a prominent agent in meeting the United Nations Millennium Goals. Since the seventies, IHP has focused particularly on hydrogeology and studies related to groundwater resources. The intention of this monograph is to contribute to a better understanding of the crucial role played by groundwater resources in supporting both ecosystems and mankind. This volume does not claim to offer the full picture as far as world groundwater resources are concerned; indeed, our knowledge of the world and its most important aquifer systems is far from complete. As such, in years to come, some of the information contained in this monograph will require updating through results of new studies and activities initiated and carried out by UNESCO. All those who have contributed to this monograph have done so on a voluntary basis and are fully committed to continuing the development of existing knowledge in the field of groundwater resources. Alice Aureli Responsible for activities in Groundwater Resources Secretariat of the International Hydrological Programme FOREWORD This monograph represents many years of groundwater data accumulation by a large number of noted hydrogeologists located throughout the world. The project began under the direction of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the time of the USSR. In that context, a substantial part of the descriptive material on hydrogeologic phenomena relies on former USSR examples. By far however, the majority of the material in the book is derived from major continental studies and specific country investigations within those continents. As the English Editor, several points need to be made relative to the document. First, the book represents a multicultural approach to groundwater resources and their use. As a result, many of the fundamental concepts in hydrogeology are interpreted slightly differently in other countries. In fact, there are a number of hydrogeologic phenomena introduced that for the most part have not been presented internationally. Since various cultures review the science of hydrogeology with their own nuances, a substantial effort was made to provide classic references in the science of hydrogeology. Attempts were not made to show that one country's approach to a problem is better than another country's cultural approach to the same problem. The focus of the monograph was to present data and scientific principles which are relevant to groundwater use in each of the countries. This monograph represents a major undertaking by hydrologists and hydrogeologists around the world. Although the fundamental groundwater resource data may change slowly over time, the groundwater use data is rapidly changing. Consulting hydrogeologists, engineers, chemists, geologists, biologists, health officials, and government environmental administrators will find this baseline document of substantial value. It is fully anticipated that this book will serve as the first addition of a series on groundwater resources of the world and their use. This series will be updated with second and third editions as new information is developed in countries throughout the world. Lorne G. Everett, Ph.D., D.Sc. 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